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12 results for “soil compaction”
Multi-scale effects on the hydraulic behaviour of a root-permeated and compacted soil
<p>Dataset obtained from multi-scale observations on the hydraulic behaviour of a root-permeated and compacted soil.</p>
Data from: Severity of topsoil compaction controls the impact of skid trails on soil ecological processes
<p>Skid trails are a major management-induced disturbance in temperate forest ecosystems with considerable impact on soil ecological processes that are so far poorly understood. In German forests, skid trails comprise 10 – 20 % of the forest area that is potentially affected by soil compaction through heavy machinery. We systematically investigated the influence of skid trails on physical, chemical, and microbiological soil parameters at 84 paired plots across four Central European forest types. In low mountain forests with steeper topography, skid trails had more drastic effects than in lowland forests. Skid trails in low mountain areas showed a decrease in the C to N ratio of microbial biomass (MBC/MBN), as well as increased microbial (MBC/SOC) and enzyme activities leading to faster carbon turnover (lower C/N, EOC/EN) and increased CO<sub>2</sub> losses (CO<sub>2</sub>/SOC) from the soil. The overall effects of the skid trails in lowland forests were small. On base-poor soils, we found an increase in the MBC/MBN ratio, while skid trails in base-rich lowland soils showed a reduction in CO<sub>2</sub>/SOC, suggesting a proportional increase in soil carbon storage. Regardless of region-specific effects, the relative increase in the bulk density of the fine soil was identified as a 'golden trait' that determined the effects of skid trails on many soil parameters, as shown by negative correlations with SOC, N, MBC, MBN, MBP, MBC/SOC and CO<sub>2</sub>/SOC and positive ones with the activities of certain hydrolytic enzymes.</p> <p>Synthesis and Applications: Our data clearly showed that carbon conversion processes and soil respiration leading to significant carbon and nutrient losses increased significantly on skid trails in low mountain regions with relatively steep slopes, which was in sharp contrast to lowland sites. The strong context dependence of our findings suggests that the mapping of soil conditions in terms of slope, substrate and moisture with high spatial resolution is mandatory to assess the vulnerability of sites to soil compaction by heavy machinery. Based on such vulnerability analysis, negative impacts can be minimized through the designation of permanently fixed skid trails, the technical adaptation of vehicles (e.g., wide base tyres) as well as careful planning and timing of management operations that should be restricted to dry weather and soil moisture conditions or periods of frost.</p>
Soil carbon maintained by perennial grasslands but lost in field crop systems over 30 years in a temperate Mollisol according to longitudinal, compaction-corrected, full-soil profile analysis
<p>To mitigate climate change, some seek to store carbon from the atmosphere in agricultural soils. However, our understanding of how agriculture affects soil organic carbon (SOC) is muddied by studies 1) lacking longitudinal data, 2) ignoring bulk density changes, or 3) sampling only surface soils. To better understand SOC trends, here we measured changes over 30 years in density-corrected, full-soil-depth (90 cm) SOC stocks under 6 cropping systems and a restored prairie in a Mollisol of southern Wisconsin, USA. Cash-grain systems and alfalfa-based systems lost SOC. Prairie and rotationally-grazed pasture maintained SOC. Average SOC losses for cash-grain and alfalfa-based systems were -0.82 (±0.12) and -0.64 (±0.17) Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that incomplete methodologies overestimated SOC improvements. Our findings using more comprehensive methods demonstrate the inadequacy of row-crop systems and the need for well-managed grasslands to protect SOC in productive agricultural soils of the Upper Midwest USA.</p>
Data for Torppa et al. 2023 'Soil compaction effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in wheat depend on host plant variety'
<p>The dataset consists of the data that supports the findings of the article 'Soil compaction effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in wheat depend on host plant variety’ written by Torppa et al. and published in Plant and Soil in 2023. The data consists of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, fatty acid and community data, as well as soil and crop nutrient and yield data.</p>
Data from: Severity of topsoil compaction controls the impact of skid trails on soil ecological processes
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma enhance root penetration in compacted soils
<p>Accompanying data for 'Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma enhance root penetration in compacted soils'</p>
Geophysical data from: "Lasting effects of soil compaction on soil water regime confirmed by geoelectrical monitoring"
<p>The geophysical data presented herein were collected in the Soil Structure Observatory (see, Keller et. al. 2017) and were used in the manuscript titled: "Lasting effects of soil compaction on soil water regime confirmed by geoelectrical monitoring". The data set includes:</p> <p> </p> <p>1. Seasonal and bi-hourly DC-resistivity data:</p> <p>DC-res.ods</p> <p> </p> <p>2. Standard deviation of seasonal and bi-hourly DC-resistivity data:</p> <p>DC-res-std.ods</p> <p> </p> <p>3. Volumetric water content data inferred from TDR data using Topp's equation at 10, 20, 40 and 70 cm.</p> <p>Water_content.ods</p> <p> </p> <p>4. Temperature data at 10, 20, 40 and 70 cm.</p> <p>Temperature.ods</p> <p> </p> <p>5. Meteorological data from 2013 to 2018 collected at the SSO:</p> <p>meteo.ods</p> <p> </p> <p>Data sets 1, 2, 3 and 4 were collected at the compacted ley (CL), non-compacted ley (NL) and compacted bare soil (CB) and non-compacted ley (NB)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Keller, T., Colombi, T., Ruiz, S., Manalili, M. P., Rek, J., Stadelmann, V., ... & Schymanski, S. (2017). Long-Term Soil Structure Observatory for Monitoring Post-Compaction Evolution of Soil Structure. Vadose Zone Journal, 16(4).</p>
FIGURE 1. Geranium rubricum. A. Compact growth habit. B. Rhizomatous growth habit. C. Coriaceous leaves with deeply incised lobes. D in Geranium rubricum (Geraniaceae), a new species from ultramafic soils in the Red Hills, northern South Island, New Zealand
FIGURE 1. Geranium rubricum. A. Compact growth habit. B. Rhizomatous growth habit. C. Coriaceous leaves with deeply incised lobes. D. Bracts inserted at peduncle-pedicel junction (scale bar 2 mm). E. Flower with dehiscent anthers (scale bar 7 mm). F. Sepals (scale bar 2 mm). G. Mericarp (scale bar 5 mm).
Geophysical data from: "Seismic Signatures Reveal Persistence of Soil Compaction"
<p>The geophysical data presented herein was collected in the Soil Structure Observatory (see, Keller et. al. 2017) and were used to create Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 for the manuscript titled: "Seismic Signatures Reveal Persistence of Soil Compaction". The data set includes:<br> <br> Time-lapse seismic data collected for different time periods at the full-compacted ley (CL), non-compacted ley (NL) and full-compacted bare soil (CB):</p> <p>CL.zip</p> <p>NL.zip</p> <p>CB.zip</p> <p>The time-lapse data files are in a seg2 format. Information regarding the acquisition time and date, sampling frequency and geometry of the seismic array can be found in the file headers.</p> <p><br> Time-domain reflectometry data (TDR) from 2019 collected at various depths at the soil treatments mentioned above:</p> <p>2019_BlockC_TDR.csv</p> <p>Meteorological data from 2019 collected at the SSO:</p> <p>2019_Meteo.csv</p> <p>The corrected first-break and zero-crossing picks along with the mean value and standard deviation of estimated seismic velocities for CL, NL and CB.</p> <p>picked_times-seismic_velocities.ods</p> <p>Volumetric water content at 10 cm depth inferred from TDR data using Topp's equation.</p> <p>water_content10cm.ods</p> <p> </p> <p>Keller, T., Colombi, T., Ruiz, S., Manalili, M. P., Rek, J., Stadelmann, V., ... & Schymanski, S. (2017). Long-Term Soil Structure Observatory for Monitoring Post-Compaction Evolution of Soil Structure. <em>Vadose Zone Journal</em>, <em>16</em>(4).</p> <p> </p>
Resistance and resilience of the soil microbiome to mechanical compaction under different agricultural management systems
<p>The growing demand for food production over the past decades has led to an increase in agricultural land intensity that requires intensive management and use of highly mechanized equipment. The increasing weight of such equipment and the continuation of mechanized operations for tillage, seeding, fertilizing, spraying, and harvesting even at low frequency can lead to soil compaction. In Europe for example, soil compaction is estimated to affect about 32-36% of the agricultural areas and this percentage is constantly rising.</p> <p>Soil compaction affects soil physical properties by increasing soil bulk density, changing aggregate size distribution and altering pore connectivity. As a result, macropore functions such as facilitating water infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, air permeability and diffusion are reduced. The decreased pore size and connectivity lead to a decrease in oxygen availability that further increases the number of anaerobic niches within soil. The impact of all these changes in soil physics and chemistry does ultimately affect the soil microbial community and shifts bacterial, archaeal and fungal diversity and function.</p> <p>Although researchers, farmers and stakeholders have a relatively good understanding of the impact of soil compaction on physical and chemical soil properties, much less is known about what soil compaction does to microbes. However, microbes are the ultimate operators of all enzymatic transformations in every soil’s biogeochemical cycle, making their understanding crucial under soil compaction. Moreover, there is a lack of standard measurements to investigate compaction effects on soil microorganisms and their associated ecosystem functions. This often leads to inaccurate assessments of soil compaction effects on the entire ecosystem and, as a consequence, poor regulations and managerial decisions.</p> <p>This thesis aims to improve the scientific understanding of the effects of soil compaction on microbial community diversity and function, as well as their resistance (impact) and resilience (recovery) under different agricultural management systems. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the resistance and the resilience of the soil microbial community structure to compaction under different agricultural management systems, (ii) to assess if the previously observed shifts in microbial diversity under compaction translated into shifts in function potential and (iii) to provide more mechanistic insights into the nitrogen cycle in agricultural systems under different levels of soil compaction.</p> <p>In the first chapter of this thesis, we assessed for the first time the resistance and the resilience of the soil microbial diversity to compaction under different agricultural management systems. For the purpose of this chapter, permanent ley and two crop rotations with and without tillage were used after a single compaction event in a long-term field experiment with a microbial DNA metabarcoding approach. The DNA metabarcoding approach highlighted a shift in microbial diversity under compaction, specific for each agricultural management system. A relative increase in potential anaerobically metabolizing prokaryotes and saprotrophic fungi and bacteria under soil compaction was found. Additionally, microorganisms with aerobic or plant-host-associated lifestyles were generally negatively affected. Those observations appear to be a unifying concept that agrees with previous studies carried out in forest soils. Whereas crop yield recovered after two growing seasons, for the microbial community four growing seasons were not sufficient to recover although soil properties were similar between compaction treatments and control at the end of the experiment.</p> <p>Building on the first chapter, we assessed in the second chapter, if shifts in microbial diversity under compaction translated as well into shifts in its function potential because of functional redundancy among microbial species. For the purpose, shotgun metagenomics approach was used. For instance, shotgun metagenomics results confirmed the increase in metabolic potential of anaerobic functions and the decrease in the aerobic ones. This observation supported our previous findings on the microbial diversity and our inference on their potential lifestyle. However, in contrary to the microbial diversity, the shift in microbial metabolic potential under compaction was independent of agricultural management systems.</p> <p>In the third and last chapter of this thesis, we tested the effect of different moisture contents on compaction severity and used a more closed system to better understand nitrogen partitioning in soil. For this purpose, we have set up pea and wheat cropping systems in microcosms and used the qPCR method to target key nitrogen function groups and further measured concentrations of different nitrogen forms (ammonium, nitrate and nitrous oxide). Our findings confirmed that the severity and effects of soil compaction are linked to the initial soil water content. This chapter highlighted that soil compaction favored denitrifying bacteria. As a result, soil nitrate concentration decreased and soil nitrous oxide concentration increased. Less clear observations were made regarding the nitrification process; whereas there was an accumulation of soil ammonium concentration, the abundance of nitrifying bacteria and archaea showed no notable change. Additionally, like for the previous chapters, those changes in functions involved in the nitrogen cycle were independent of the cropping system and not necessarily aligned with plant growth.</p> <p>Overall, the results based on the hypotheses tested and methods used within this PhD thesis, either taken individually or combined, help to better understand the resistance and resilience of soil microbial community under different agricultural management systems affected by compaction. The combined use of molecular tools, such as metabarcoding and metagenomic approaches, was considered as a suitable approach to have an overview of the microbial diversity and metabolic potential. Those first observations can be the basis to formulate more precise hypothesis to be tested with qPCR as it has been done for this PhD thesis. Nevertheless, in order to make tangible inference on the potential lifestyle of each microbe and their potential metabolic function, these molecular tools -metabarcoding, metagenomics and qPCR - need to be upheld by physico-chemical soil analysis and metabolic process measurements. Only by using this combined approach, studies can finally interpret the increase or decrease in relative abundance of taxa or function under compaction. Finally, the interdisciplinary, long-term and mechanistic approaches involved in this thesis demonstrated that the studied biological actors (e.g., plant and microbes) as well as the soil physical properties were not necessarily aligned in their resistance and recovery. All those findings bring new and unique knowledges on the compaction impact on microbial diversity and function and highlight the need of assessing many components of the agricultural system in order to make policy recommendations towards a more sustainable agriculture.</p>
Single-cell RNA-seq of Kitaake rice roots grown in gel, and non-compacted soil conditions
GEO Series GSE251706. Oryza sativa. 18 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Bulk RNA sequencing data of rice roots protoplasted for 2.5 hours and 3 hours, as well as rice roots grown in gel, non-compacted soil and compacted soil conditions
GEO Series GSE283428. Oryza sativa. 15 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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