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223 results for “soil functions”
Effects of Long-Term Soil Warming on Ecosystem Function at Harvard Forest 2019
Across biomes, soil biodiversity promotes ecosystem functions. However, whether this relationship will be maintained within ecosystems under climate change is uncertain. Here, using two long-term soil warming experiments, we investigated how warming affects the relationship between ecosystem functions and bacterial diversity across seasons, soil horizons, and warming duration. Soils were sampled from these warming experiments located at the Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, where soils had been heated +5°C above ambient for 13 or 28 years at the time of sampling. We assessed seven measurements representative of different ecosystem functions and nutrient pools. We also surveyed bacterial community diversity. We found that ecosystem function was significantly affected by season, with autumn samples having a higher intercept than summer samples in our model, suggesting a higher overall baseline of ecosystem function in the fall. The effect of warming on bacterial diversity was similarly affected by season, where warming in the summer was associated with decreased bacterial evenness in the organic horizon. Despite the decreased bacterial evenness in the warmed plots, we found that the relationship between ecosystem function and bacterial diversity was unaffected by warming or warming duration. Our findings highlight that season is a consistent driver of ecosystem function as well as a modulator of climate change effects on bacterial community evenness.
The Biomass and Plant Functional Traits of Leymus chinensis Affected by Genotypic Diversity and Soil Nitrogen Addition through a Two-year Experiment, Tianjin, China, 2021-2023
In order to investigate the effects of soil nitrogen addition on the genotypic diversity of Leymus chinensis, 12 genotypes of Leymus chinensis were used as plant material and a two-factor experimental design was carried out in this study. Factor one was genotypic diversity of L. chinensis, including three levels: mono-genotype (G1), three genotypes (G3), and six genotypes (G6). Factor two was the soil nitrogen addition level, which included four levels: no nitrogen addition (N0), 2.5 g N/(m²·a) nitrogen application (N2.5), 5 g N/(m²·a) nitrogen application (N5), and 10 g N/(m²·a) nitrogen application (N10). Each treatment had 12 combinations as replicates, and 12 genotypes of L. chinensis were used. The frequency of each genotype was standardized across all treatment levels of genotypic diversity × soil nitrogen addition. The experiment commenced in September 2021 and soil nitrogen was applied every 2 months. Plants were cultivated in the experimental field at Nankai University, but were moved to a greenhouse for overwintering from November to February each year. During the experiment, there were no stresses or disturbances such as shading, drought, or insect feeding; weeds were regularly removed.
WARM experiment Soil Microbial Function, RMBL Colorado, 2021
We examined how abiotic (warming), and biotic (presence of dominant plant species) factors interact to affect soil microbial processes in montane meadow ecosystems at high and low elevations at the WaRM experimental sites near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Colorado in the West Elk range of the southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA, during the summer 2021 growing season. The low elevation site (low site) is at 2740 m elevation (38.715, -106.823) in an open meadow without tree cover, and the dominant plant species is a flowering forb, Wyethia amplexicaulis. The high elevation site (high site) (3460 m, 38.992, -107.067) is also described as open meadow with no tree cover and is dominated by Juncus drummondii, a monocot, grass-like herb. The low and high elevation sites have a mean summertime temperature of 14.9 and 10.9°C respectively, and a mean summertime precipitation of 143 and 151 mm The WaRM experimental design is a 2 × 2 factorial warming × dominant plant species removal experiment deployed at the high elevation site and the low elevation site. Each of the four treatments are replicated 8 times, for total of 32 plots (each of which is 2 × 2 m) at each elevation with warming imposed via transparent hexagonal open-top chambers (OTCs), 1.5 m in diameter, in the center of each warming plot and the dominant plant species (listed above) removed via clipping at soil level within removal plots. Treatments at this site have been deployed each summer (June-August) since 2013. We analyzed multiple soil microbial responses at three times throughout the growing season: pre-growing season [low site; approx. May 26, high site; approx. July 6], peak-growing season [low site; approx. June 23, high site; approx. July 21], and post-growing season [low site; approx. August 18, high site; approx. Sept 14]. We measured edaphic characteristics including volumetric soil water content. We measured soil microbial functions including soil respiration, microbial metabolic
Accompanying dataset; 'Agroforestry enhances biological activity, diversity and soil-based ecosystem functions in mountain agroecosystems of Latin America: A meta-analysis.'
<p>The database created as part of the meta-analysis is designed to facilitate the comparison of biological activity, diversity (BIAD), and ecosystem functions (EFs) between agroforestry systems (AFS) and other land-use types. It incorporates data extracted from selected studies, each record comprising a mean value, sample size, and a variance measure to compute standard deviation. The database also categorizes data according to 22 explanatory variables, including geographical coordinates, climate classification, soil type, AFS classification, and more, to characterize the sites and management systems involved. This detailed classification enables a nuanced analysis of how different factors might influence the BIAD and EFs in the context of AFS. The database supports the meta-analysis by allowing for the estimation of effect sizes using response ratios, which compare the relative difference in BIAD and EFs between AFS and other land uses. Data extraction from primary studies was meticulous, employing both direct and indirect methods such as graph digitizing software, and missing data were supplemented using reliable sources or direct communication with the original study authors. The comprehensive nature of this database ensures that the analysis can account for a wide range of variables that may affect the outcomes of interest in the meta-analysis. </p><p>For an in-depth exploration of the study's findings and methodology, refer to the comprehensive meta-analysis available in Global Change Biology (2024), entitled "<i>Agroforestry Enhances Biological Activity, Diversity, and Soil-Based Ecosystem Functions in Mountain Agroecosystems of Latin America: A Meta-Analysis</i>."</p>
Data, code and software to reproduce the article entitled "Modeling soil-plant functioning of intercrops using comprehensive and generic formalisms implemented in the STICS model"
<p>This is the data, code and software to reproduce the article entitled " Modeling soil-plant functioning of intercrops using comprehensive and generic formalisms implemented in the STICS model". Here is a summary of the paper:</p> <p>The growing demand for sustainable agriculture is raising interest in intercropping for its multiple potential benefits to avoid or limit the use of chemical inputs or increase the production per surface unit. Predicting the existence and magnitude of those benefits remains a challenge given the numerous interactions between interspecific plant-plant relationships, their environment and the agricultural practices. Soil-crop models are critical in understanding these interactions in dynamics during the whole growing season, but few models are capable of accurately simulating intercropping systems.</p> <p>In this study, we propose a set of simple and generic formalisms for simulating key interactions in intercropping systems that can be readily included into existing dynamic crop models. This requires simulating important processes such as development, light interception, plant growth, N and water balance, and yield formation in response to management practices, soil conditions, and climate. These formalisms were integrated into the STICS soil-crop model and evaluated using observed data of intercropping systems of cereal and legumes mixtures, including Faba bean-Wheat, Pea-Barley, Sunflower-Soybean, and Wheat-Pea mixtures. We demonstrate that the proposed formalisms provide a comprehensive simulation of soil-plant interactions in various types of bispecific intercrops. The model was found consistent and generic under a range of spring and winter intercrops (nRMSE = 25% for maximum leaf area index, 23% for shoot biomass at harvest, and 18% for yield).</p> <p>This is the first time a complete set of formalisms has been developed and published for simulating intercropping systems and integrated into a soil-crop model. With its emphasis on being generic, sufficiently accurate, simple, and easy to parameterize, STICS is well-suited to help researchers designing <em>in silico</em> the agroecological transition by virtually pre-screening sustainable, manageable intercrop systems adapted to local conditions.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Variation in the Composition of Understory Vegetation in a Tropical Rain Forest as a Function of Soil and Topographic Position. 1986 - 1990
Understory plants are a major contribution to the high plant species diversity of Neotropical rain forests. Shrubs, understory trees, saplings of overstory trees, and herbs occupy a habitat of generally low light levels and high humidity in which there seem to be few obvious mechanisms to support habitat partitioning. Moreover several plant families are characterized by a high number of co-occurring understory species. In 1987-1989 we sampled understory vegetation in 18 sites at the La Selva Biological Station of the Organization for Tropical Studies in Heredia Province, Costa Rica. At each site we used 20 nested quadrats to investigate the effects of soil type on replicated sites of mapped alluvial and residual volcanic soils (5 map units) and topographic positions (ridges, midslopes and flats) on composition, density and diversity of small (1m tall to 5cm dbh, 25 m2 quadrat) and large(5-10cm dbh, 100 m2 quadrat) understory plants. We also measured fine litter dry mass, extractable P, total organic matter, percent slope and percent incident light radiation in each quadrat.
Drivers of plant diversity, community composition, functional traits and soil processes along an alpine gradient in the central Chilean Andes
<p>The datasets in this repository include plant community surveys, hyperspectral reflectance data at the leaf and canopy level, leaf trait data, and soil chemistry data collected at five sites along an elevation gradient of 2400m-3500m in the Chilean Andes (33°S, 70°W). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental drivers of community assembly processes along the elevation gradient.</p>
The Editors-in-Chief of SOIL ORGANISMS: Prof. Dr. Willi Xylander (Görlitz) and Prof. Dr. Nico Eisenhauer (Leipzig). in SOIL ORGANISMS - an international open access journal on the taxonomic and functional biodiversity in the soil
The Editors-in-Chief of SOIL ORGANISMS: Prof. Dr. Willi Xylander (Görlitz) and Prof. Dr. Nico Eisenhauer (Leipzig).
Fire promotes functional plant diversity and modifies soil carbon dynamics in tropical savanna
<p>The dataset associated with the manuscript "Fire promotes functional plant diversity and modifies soil carbon dynamics in tropical savanna" (Teixeira et al.) includes 6 different datasets, for which we provided one metadata.<br> </p> <p><strong>Version 2</strong> includes an update of the biomass data set, including the correct transformation to g/m2 on fine roots biomass data.<br><br><strong>Version 3 </strong>includes an update of the belowground traits data set based on correcting formatting errors in the belowground traits data. <br><br><strong>Version 4 </strong>Sorry for the inconvenience. This version includes the correct updated belowground traits data file based on the correct formatting errors in the belowground trait data. <br><br>fluxes: it includes data related to net ecosystem C and water exchange. NEE and ET from each plot were measured using the LiCOR 7500 infrared gas analyzer (Li-Cor Inc.). See the method section in the manuscript for full details.</p> <p>soil_carbon: it includes carbon soil data.<br><br>biomass_v2: it includes data related to aboveground and belowground biomass. Aboveground data were collected in 0.5m2 subplot and belowground at 0.25m2 at 20cm depth both within 1m2 sampling plot. See the method section in the manuscript for full details.</p> <p>aboveground_traits: all aboveground functional traits from plant species. See the method section in the manuscript for full details.</p> <p>belowground_traitsv3: all roots functional traits from plant species. See the method section in the manuscript for full details.</p> <p>species_composition: plant community composition. See the method section in the manuscript for full details.</p> <p><br><strong>Abstract</strong><br>Fire is an evolutionary environmental filter in tropical savanna ecosystems altering functional diversity and associated C pools in the biosphere and fluxes between the atmosphere and biosphere. Therefore, alterations in fire regimes (e.g. fire exclusion) will strongly influence ecosystem processes and associated dynamics. In those ecosystems, C dynamics and functions are underestimated by the fire-induced offset between C output and input. To determine how fire shapes ecosystem C pools and fluxes in an open savanna across recently burned and fire excluded areas, we measured the following metrics: (I) plant diversity including taxonomic (i.e. richness, evenness) and plant functional diversity (i.e. functional diversity, functional richness, functional dispersion and community weighted means); (II) structure (i.e. above- and below-ground biomass, litter accumulation); and (III) functions related to C balance (i.e. net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub> </sub>exchange (NEE), ecosystem transpiration (ET), soil respiration (soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux), ecosystem water use efficiency (eWUE) and total soil organic C (SOC). We found that fire promoted aboveground live and belowground biomass, including belowground organs, and coarse and fine root biomass, and contributed to higher biomass allocation belowground. Fire also increased both functional diversity and dispersion. NEE and total SOC were higher in burned plots compared to fire-excluded plots whereas soil respiration recorded lower values in burned areas. Both ET and eWUE were not affected by fire. Fire strongly favored functional diversity, fine root, and belowground organ biomass in piecewise SEM models but the role of both functional diversity and ecosystem structure to mediate the effect of fire on ecosystem functions remain unclear. Fire regime will impact C balance, and fire exclusion may lead to lower C input in open savanna ecosystems.</p>
The predication of soil nematode and functional groups abundance in the terrestrial on the Tibetan Plateau (Data Set)
<p>This is the dataset which is generated from the manuscript entitled 'The predication of soil nematode and functional groups abundance in the terrestrial on the Tibetan Plateau'.</p> <p>The spatial resolution of this dataset is about 1 km, of which coordinates systems is WGS84.</p> <p>There are 6 layers of nematode abundance in this GeoTiff file:</p> <p>1. abd - Total Soil Nematode Abundance</p> <p>2. bact - Abundance of bacterivores</p> <p>3. fung - Abundance of fungivores</p> <p>4. herb - Abundance of plant parasite</p> <p>5. omni - Abundance of omnivores</p> <p>6. pred - Abundance of predators</p>
Data collected for: The contrasted impacts of grasshoppers on soil microbial activities in function of ecosystem productivity and herbivore diet
<p>Herbivory can have contrasted impacts on soil microbes and nutrient cycling, which has stimulated the development of conceptual frameworks exploring the links between below- and aboveground processes. The "productivity model" predicts that herbivores stimulate microbial activities and accelerate nutrient mineralization in productive ecosystems, while they have an opposite effect in less productive ecosystems. In parallel, the "diet model" predicts that herbivores feeding on conservative plants accelerate nutrient cycling while those feeding on exploitative plants decelerate nutrient cycling, due to changes in litter inputs. Since these two frameworks can lead to conflicting predictions in some cases, experimental evidence combining herbivore diet and productivity is required.</p> <p>During two consecutive years, we conducted an experiment controlling the presence of three grasshopper species consuming either grasses, forbs or both in twelve natural and managed alpine grasslands of contrasted productivities. In order to assess the effects of herbivory on soil microbes, we measured their enzymatic activities, their biomass and the soil potential nitrogen mineralization (PNM). Soil and vegetation characteristics were also determined in order to test if they modulated the effects of herbivory on microbes.</p> <p>Contrary to the predictions of the diet model, the effects of herbivory on microbial characteristics did not depend on the herbivores diet but relied on ecosystem productivity. The most productive sites were characterized by exploitative plant species which depleted N resources in the soil, and by microbes producing relatively few extracellular enzymes, leading to a lower PNM. Herbivory increased microbial biomass and decreased the production of extracellular enzymes in those sites, possibly through the stimulation of root exudates produced by exploitative species. The least productive sites were characterized by conservative plants, which led to the sequestration of soil C, and by microbes having a resource acquisition strategy (more extracellular enzymes, higher PNM). Herbivory decreased microbial biomass and increased the production of extracellular enzymes in those sites. This pattern can be explained by the loss of carbon associated with insect respiration, which increases the need for microbes to acquire resources and by a lower production of root exudates by conservative species. Therefore, the effects of two years of herbivory on soil microbes were at odds with the productivity model, which focuses instead on longer term effects corresponding to herbivory-induced changes in plant species composition. This highlights the multidimensional feature of the impacts of herbivory on ecosystem functioning, both in space and time.</p>
Figure 6 in Society´s awareness for protection of soils, its biodiversity and function in 2030 - We need a more intrinsic approach
Figure 6. The mole standing at the entrance of the Senckenberg exhibition is a popular motif for selfies.
Figure 3 in Society´s awareness for protection of soils, its biodiversity and function in 2030 - We need a more intrinsic approach
Figure 3. The card game 'Soil Builder' by Helga ZumkowskiXylander (2017 b) (only a selection of cards is shown).
Figure 2 in Society´s awareness for protection of soils, its biodiversity and function in 2030 - We need a more intrinsic approach
Figure 2. Pupils experiencing soil life in a class using dissecting microscopes. Soil samples for investigation were taken by the pupils themselves.
Figure 7 in Society´s awareness for protection of soils, its biodiversity and function in 2030 - We need a more intrinsic approach
Figure 7. Tardigrade as a soft toy is one of few soil animals which found their way to childrens' rooms.
Figure 5 in Society´s awareness for protection of soils, its biodiversity and function in 2030 - We need a more intrinsic approach
Figure 5. The international touring exhibition 'The thin skin of the earth' displays units of soil biodiversity, research, heterogeneity and destruction. The exhibition had over 250.000 visitors till now.
Figure 4 in Society´s awareness for protection of soils, its biodiversity and function in 2030 - We need a more intrinsic approach
Figure 4. Klara Kugelspringer and her friends driven from their home by man-made erosion (from Zumkowski-Xylander 2017a)
Figure 1 in Society´s awareness for protection of soils, its biodiversity and function in 2030 - We need a more intrinsic approach
Figure 1. Picture from the VR-animation 'Adventure Soil Life' part 'leaf litter'. By SMNG/.hapto modified after Xylander (2019).
Figure 1 in sOilFauna - a global synthesis effort on the drivers of soil macrofauna communities and functioning
Figure 1. Location of the transects in the present version of the MACROFAUNA database (A) Map of the data (B) Location of the data in relation to the biomes.
Figure 6 in Does logging affect soil biodiversity and its functions? A review
Figure 6. Number of reviewed studies showing positive, neutral, negative, neutral/negative or negative/positive effects of logging on soil functions.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.