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4 results for “soil-dwelling mites”
Figure 1 Predation success ofG. aculeifer, S in Predation capacity of soil-dwelling predatory mites on two major maize pests
Figure 1 Predation success ofG. aculeifer, S. scimitus andM. robustulus on WCR and WW first instar larvae during the 10-minutes predation assays. n=20. NS = no significant difference among predator species (p-value> 0.05). The error bars represent the 95% confidence interval for the predation success.
Quantitative assessment of the dispersal of soil-dwelling oribatid mites via rodents in restored heathlands
<p><span>1. </span><span>Heathland restoration using topsoil removal requires the re-</span><span>colonisation</span><span> of above- and belowground communities. Oribatid mites play a key role </span><span>in the comminution of organic matter and are frequently early colonizers during succession despite their limited mobility. Whereas the assembly of their communities may take decades, passive dispersal likely dominates </span><span>colonisation</span><span> processes, but especially dispersal via other animals (phoresy) remains poorly studied. Compared to other potential hosts, movement habits and ecology of small rodents may provide dispersal advantages to oribatid communities.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We studied dispersal of oribatid mites via </span><span>small rodents </span><span>in restored heathland sites of different age</span><span>. </span><span>We measured movement patterns of small rodents and extracted mites from their pelts and nests </span><span>to </span><span>estimate annual contributions of these rodents to the dispersal of oribatids. We also discussed phoretic estimates reported on other host groups as a reference. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>Probability estimates of oribatids in pelts and nests showed lower occurrence frequencies compared to other reported phoretic hosts. However, local rodent communities may aid the dispersal of up to 41,000 oribatid mites per year. We highlight the high diversity of oribatid species mounting rodents, unlike strong species-specific filters reported in other passive pathways. We found that over half (58%) of the oribatid species reproduced asexually and over a third (34%) had a soil-dwelling lifestyle. We also observed that rodents often travel short distances below 40m, but occasionally reach distances of up to 100m, especially in</span><span> earlier successional stages. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis and applications. </span><span>Our results suggest that rodents may contribute to assembly processes of soil-dwelling oribatid communities given the slow turnover rate of this group in heathlands. This is accomplished through short-distance dispersal, and especially in sites at early stages of succession. To our knowledge, we are the first to quantitatively assess the potential dispersal of oribatid mites via rodents. </span></p>
Quantitative assessment of the dispersal of soil-dwelling oribatid mites via rodents in restored heathlands
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Predation test results and dynamics between three species of soil-dwelling predatory mites and early stages of maize pest.
<p>PREDATORY MITES</p> <p> The three species used in this experiment were stored in climatic chambers at 25°C +/- 0,5°C and 70% +/- 10 RH% with constant obscurity. A mix of <em>Aleuroglyphus ovatus</em> stages was used as food and extra water was provided three times a week in a 100 mm x 94 mm bugdorm-5002 with 30µm nylon screen port sold by Bugdorm©.</p> <p><em>Macrocheles robustulus</em></p> <p> Koppert Biological systems provided <em>Macrocheles robustulus</em>. Their product is called Macro-mite©. We maintained them on vermiculite for 2 months with a mix of <em>A. ovatus</em> stages.</p> <p><em>Gaeolaelaps aculeifer</em></p> <p><em> </em><em>Gaeolaelaps aculeifer</em> is produced by EWH Bioproduction, Denmark. The population was maintained during 8 months on a substrate made of 1/3 third blond sphagnum peat and 2/3 of fine vermiculite and fed with a mix of <em>A. ovatus</em> stages.</p> <p><em>Stratiolaelaps scimitus</em></p> <p> <em>Stratiolaelaps scimitus</em> individuals used in this experiment are produced by Bioline AgroSciences. The product is called Hypoline©. This population has been maintained on blond sphagnum peat and fed with a mix of <em>A. ovatus</em> stages for 2 years.</p> <p>PREYS</p> <p> We experimented eggs and first instar larvae for both <em>Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</em> and <em>Agriotes sordidus </em>as potential prey. We also added <em>Aleuroglyphus ovatus</em> eggs as a positive control of predation activity since astigmatid mites are known to be a suitable food source for those species (Rueda-Ramirez et al. 2018).</p> <p><em>Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</em> eggs</p> <p> WCR diapausing eggs were provided by the Centre of Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), Hungary. They were stored at 7°C +/- 0,5°C below their temperature of development (Meinke et al. 2009). We sieved the eggs from their substrate and selected only turgescent eggs to offer them to the predatory mites.</p> <p><em>Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</em> first instar larvae</p> <p> We placed WCR eggs on the plaster of Paris in a climatic chamber at 25°C +/- 0,5°C and 70% +/- 10 RH%. We added water twice a week to keep the plaster of Paris moist. We checked daily if eggs hatched and introduced the first instar larvae in the predation device.</p> <p><em>Agriotes sordidus</em> eggs</p> <p> Arvalis provided <em>Agriotes sordidus</em> eggs and first instar larvae by sending us a couple of adults ready to lay eggs in Petri dishes filled with a sample of soil where they have been collected. Both eggs and first instar larvae have been extracted from this dirt.</p> <p><em>Aleuroglyphus ovatus</em> eggs</p> <p><em> </em><em>A. ovatus</em> eggs are produced by Bioline AgroSciences. Eggs were sterilized before presentation to the predatory mites.</p> <p><em>Ephestia kuehniella </em>eggs<br> </p> <p><em> E. kuehniella </em>eggs are produced by Bioline Agrosciences. Eggs were sterilized before presentation to the predatory mites.</p> <p> PREDATION DEVICE</p> <p> Predation tests have been inspired by El Adouzi, Bonato, et Roy 2017; Lovis et al. 2011 and Nordenfors et Hoglund 2000 protocols by isolating each mite individually. However, we chose to carry out the predation tests in 2 mL Eppendorf tubes containing each 1 mL of dried plaster of Paris to maintain a high percentage of humidity necessary to soil-dwelling predatory mites survival (El Adouzi, Bonato, et Roy 2017). Adult mites of both sexes were individually isolated and starved for 7 days in the tubes before the predation tests. In total, 240 predatory mites have been isolated with 1/3 of each species to present them to 4 different types of prey. Twenty predation tests were made by prey/predator couple. <br> During the 7-days period of starvation, we added 100µL of water every 3 days to maintain a suitable relative humidity necessary for soil-dwelling predatory mites survival. We also drilled the top of the tube and covered it with a 106 µm mesh width nylon tissue. This size of mesh allowed for water and gas exchange while preventing mites from leaving the tube. These tubes were stored in a climatic chamber at 25°C +/- 0,5°C with 70% +/- 10% RH. All three species were active after this period of storage and starvation.</p> <p> We introduced 20 times one prey in a tube containing a predatory mite and observed predation activity during a maximum of 10 minutes or less if predation happens before that timing. We observed each mite feeding or non-feeding activity through the tube with a binocular. We used an indirect source of light, controlled at 100 lux (measured with the Digital Illuminance meter TES 1335), to minimize natural behavior disruption of these lucifugous species. During each assay, the timing and number of contacts between the predator and the prey before predation were noted. We considered predation activity when mites impaled the prey with their chelicerae. We chose to observe predation on a short duration because some of the prey could be impacted by plaster of Paris abrasive texture if it dries up.</p>
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