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Fig.16. Aquattuor submajor Enghoff, 2015. A–D in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Fig.16. Aquattuor submajor Enghoff, 2015. A–D. Male from Udzungwa Mts National Park, Kidatu (NHMD 621653), left gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior view. B. Anterior view. C. Distal (ventral) view. D. Basal (dorsal) view. E–F. Male from Udzungwa Mts National Park, Kidatu (NHMD 621654), right gonopod telopodite, broken into two pieces. E. Basal part. F. Tip of telomere. Abbreviations: btl = basal telomeral lamella; mpl = meso-posterior telomeral lamella; slm = solenomere; tm = telomere. Scale bars: A–E = 0.1 mm; F = 0.02 mm.
Fig. 13 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Fig. 13. Aquattuor mollilobus sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621648). Left gonopod telopodite. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Submesal view. D. Distal (ventral) view. E–F. Tip of telomere. Abbreviations: slm = solenomere; tm = telomere. Scale bars: A–D = 0.1 mm; E–F = 0.02 mm.
Fig. 8 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Fig. 8. Aquattuor spp., males, left leg of first pair. A. A. stereosathe Enghoff, 2015, paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621650): setae same length as in normal walking legs. B. A. longipala Enghoff, 2015, specimen from Udzungwa Mts National Park, Mito Mitatu (NHMD 621642): setae of femur shortened. C. A. mollilobus sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621646): all setae shortened. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 4. A–C in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Fig. 4. A–C. Aquattuor nguruensis sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (VMNH110617), first pair of legs. Notice mite larva ("hypopus") on left femur. D–F. A. denticulatus Frederiksen, 2013, paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621640), left leg of first pair. A, D. Anterior view. B, E. Sublateral view. C, F. Sub-ventral view. Abbreviation: pfd = prefemoral depression. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 2. Aquattuor udzungwensis Enghoff, 2015 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Fig. 2. Aquattuor udzungwensis Enghoff, 2015, specimens from Chita, heads, lateral view. A. Male (NHMD 621667). B. Female (NHMD 621667). Scale bars = 0.1 mm. The arrow points at the distoventral stipital expansion lobe in the male.
Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Fig. 3. Aquattuor spp., first pair of male legs. A–C. A. fasciatus (Attems, 1896), non-type male from Zanzibar (NHMD 621641). D–F. A. claudiahempae Enghoff & Frederiksen, 2015, paratype from Kilimanjaro (NHMD 621638). G–I. A. claudiahempae, specimen from Udzungwa Mts (NHMD 621639). A, D, G. Anterior view. B, E, H. Sublateral view. C, F, I. Ventral view. Abbreviation: pfp = prefemoral process. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Fig. 1. Collecting sites for Aquattuor spp. in the Udzungwa Mts. Based on Marshall et al. (2010: fig. 1); inset by permission of the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund.
Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes VIII. The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 revisited - a new species from the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania, another from the Nguru Mts, and introduction of the first pair of male legs as a source of taxonomic characters (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)
Fig. 6. Aquattuor spp., first pair of male legs. A–C. A. mollilobus sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621647). D–F. A. stereosathe Enghoff, 2015, paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621650). A, D. Anterior view. B, E. (Sub)- lateral view. C, F. (Sub)-ventral view. Abbreviations: dpl = distal prefemoral lobe; pfp = prefemoral process. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim (Staphylinidae: Phloeo charinae) and Cephennium gallicum Ganglbauer (Scydmaenidae) new to North America: a case study in the introduction of exotic Coleoptera to the port of Halifax, with new records of other species
FIGURE 3: Cephennium gallicum Ganglbauer, Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Dorsal habitus.
FIGURE 2 in Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim (Staphylinidae: Phloeo charinae) and Cephennium gallicum Ganglbauer (Scydmaenidae) new to North America: a case study in the introduction of exotic Coleoptera to the port of Halifax, with new records of other species
FIGURE 2: Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim, Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Living specimen in bark of red maple (Acer rubrum).
FIGURE 1 in Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim (Staphylinidae: Phloeo charinae) and Cephennium gallicum Ganglbauer (Scydmaenidae) new to North America: a case study in the introduction of exotic Coleoptera to the port of Halifax, with new records of other species
FIGURE 1: Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim, Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Dorsal habitus.
FIGURE 4 in Phloeocharis subtilissima Mannerheim (Staphylinidae: Phloeo charinae) and Cephennium gallicum Ganglbauer (Scydmaenidae) new to North America: a case study in the introduction of exotic Coleoptera to the port of Halifax, with new records of other species
FIGURE 4: Cephennium gallicum Ganglbauer, Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Lateral habitus.
FIGURES 91 – 96. Strongylophthalmyia morphological features. 98. S. oxybeles, n in World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup
FIGURES 91 – 96. Strongylophthalmyia morphological features. 98. S. oxybeles, n. sp., male antenna, left lateral view; 99. S. sichuanica, n. sp. male antenna, left lateral view; 100. S. sichuanica, n. sp., male palpus, left lateral view; 101. S. oxybeles, n. sp., male fore femur, left lateral view; 102. S. sichuanica, n. sp., male fore femur, left lateral view; 103. S. sichuanica, n. sp., male wing showing Wing Interference Pattern.
FIGURES 8 – 9 in World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup
FIGURES 8 – 9. Strongylophthalmyia heads, frontal view, undescribed new species from Sumatra (S. fascipennis group). 8. Male. 9. Female. Arrow points to clypeus.
FIGURES 18 – 25. Male Strongylophthalmyia, antennae. 18. S. borneensis, n in World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup
FIGURES 18 – 25. Male Strongylophthalmyia, antennae. 18. S. borneensis, n. sp.; 19. S. caestus, n. sp.; 20. S. darlingi, n. sp. 21. S. federeri, n. sp.; 22. S. hauseri, n. sp.; 23. S. immaculata Hennig, arrow points to minute dorsal antennal process; 24. S. indochinensis, n. sp., arrow points to short dorsal antennal process; 25. S. inundans, n. sp.
FIGURE 107 in World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup
FIGURE 107. Map showing distribution of species of Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup in SE Asia and adjacent areas.
FIGURES 62 – 69 in World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup
FIGURES 62 – 69. Male Strongylophthalmyia, fore femur, left lateral view. 62. S. albisternum, n. sp.; 63. S. borneensis, n. sp.; 64. S. hauseri, n. sp.; 65. S. immaculata Hennig, arrow points to tight thorn-like cluster of setae; 66. S. indochinensis, n. sp.; 67. S. inundans, n. sp.; 68. S. lowi, n. sp., arrow points to ventral cluster of setae; 69. S. malayensis, n. sp., arrow points to tight thorn-like cluster of setae.
Data from: Pathways of introduction of alien species in Norway
<p>1. Alien species constitute one of the major threats to global biodiversity. Stopping alien species at an early stage, preferably before establishment, is crucial for the effectiveness of management actions. To enable early detection and prevent future introductions, knowledge of pathways of introduction and their absolute and relative importance is crucial.</p> <p>2. Based on an exhaustive impact assessment of all alien species in Norway (multicellular neobiota), the relation of taxonomy, lifestyle and ecological impact of alien species to their pathways of introduction are investigated. This taxonomically and ecologically unbiased dataset contains 2,267 unique pathways of 1,180 alien species.</p> <p>3. Ecological and taxonomic patterns indicate that terrestrial organisms were predominantly introduced by means of escape (mainly plants escaped from gardens), parasites as contaminants (mainly fungi and insects parasitising plants), freshwater organisms by release (mainly vertebrates), and marine organisms as stowaways (mainly invertebrates and algae). Unaided introductions were most common among insects and marine organisms.</p> <p>4. Alien species with high ecological impact were mainly introduced along the same pathways as other alien species. In relative terms, high-impact species were overrepresented among released species, even though this pathway was subordinate in absolute terms. The number of pathways and the overall introduction pressure were important predictors of ecological impact, especially of the species' invasion potential and area of occupancy.</p> <p>5. Introduction rates of novel alien species have seen recent increases in all taxa and along almost all pathways. This acceleration was especially pronounced for insects and fungi introduced as contaminants and for marine organisms introduced as stowaways. In absolute terms, introduction rates were highest for plant escapes, reaching more than five novel species per year.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications: Introduction of new alien species cannot be prevented by closing one or two introduction pathways, since none can be singled out as the main pathway of invasives. Yet each pathway closed makes a difference, as this reduces the overall introduction pressure. The highest priorities for management are the pathways that are easiest to address, such as release, and those with the highest volume, such as plant trade.</p>
Figure 4 in The marine live bait trade as a pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species into California: patterns of importation and thermal tolerances of imported specimens
Figure 4. Average percent survival (± SE) of G. dibranchiata (A) and Perinereis sp. (B) after exposed to southern California thermal conditions for five days. Gray bars indicate significant difference. No difference in survival was observed among the three temperature treatments for G. dibranchiata (F2,8 = 2.67, p = 0.130). There was a significant difference in survival of Perinereis sp. among the treatments (F2,8 = 11.08, p = 0.005).
Figure 1 in The marine live bait trade as a pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species into California: patterns of importation and thermal tolerances of imported specimens
Figure 1. Distribution by county of bait shops selling marine live bait in California according to survey responses. Live marine bait was sold in all counties shaded in grey. Numbers inside black circles indicate species sold in that county. Bait shops in shaded counties without black circles reported marine live bait sales but did not provide information on which species they sold.
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