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112 results for “species survival”
Survival, growth and biomass estimates of two dominant palmetto species of south-central Florida from 1981 - 2022, ongoing at 5-year intervals
This data package is comprised of three datasets all pertaining to two dominant palmetto species, Serenoa repens and Sabal etonia, at Archbold Biological Station in south-central Florida. The first dataset, palmetto_data, contains survival and growth data across multiple years, habitats and experimental treatments. The second dataset, seedlings_data, follows the fate of marked putative palmetto seedlings in the field to assess survivorship and growth. The final dataset, harvested_palmetto_data, contains size data and estimated dry mass (biomass in grams) of 33 destructively harvested palmetto plants (17 S. repens and 16 S. etonia) of varying sizes and across habitats. Thirty-two of these were used to calculate estimated biomass, using regression equations, for palmettos sampled in the palmetto_data. Below we summarize experimental setup and data collected for each dataset. Palmetto data Demographic data were collected as three separate components. The first component compared growth among habitats. Starting in 1981, equal numbers of both palmetto species were marked across scrubby flatwoods (oak scrub) and flatwoods habitats (3 sites per habitat) for a total of 240 marked plants. These habitats had not burned within the last decade, but historically had experienced a natural fire return interval of 5 - 20 years prior to this studies initiation. The second component added an additional 400 palmettos (200 of each species), which were marked in sand pine scrub (n = 200) in 1985 and sandhill habitat (n = 200) in 1989 on Archbold's Red Hill. At the time of this project's initiation, all Red Hill management units were last burned in 1927 and were considered long unburned. Part of Archbold's management plan included restoring fire into some management units while leaving others long unburned to serve as reference units. Therefore, for our second component, we were able to create a 2x2 factorial design using habitat types on Red Hill and fire management as factors, with 100
Water depth influences survival and predator-specific patterns of nest loss in three secretive marsh bird species
<p>Wetlands have become increasingly rare in the United States, negatively influencing wetland-dependent birds, and many remaining wetlands are intensively managed through seasonal dewatering mimicking historic flood pulses during spring and summer. However, water around nests may provide protection from terrestrial predators, and lowering water levels during the breeding season of wetland birds may increase predation risk and exacerbate marsh bird population declines. Understanding interactions between water depth, nesting marsh birds, and nest predators is critical to aid managers in developing a multi-species management approach in emergent wetlands. During the 2020 and 2021 breeding seasons, we examined nest survival of 148 marsh bird nests (American Coot, <em>Fulica americana</em>, <em>n</em> = 1; Common Gallinule, <em>Gallinula galeata</em>, <em>n</em> = 64; and Least Bittern; <em>Ixobrychus exilis</em>, <em>n</em> = 83) and installed cameras at 78 nests to identify predators at a large, restored floodplain wetland in Illinois where the primary management technique is seasonal water removal to stimulate germination of moist soil plants. We found nest predation of, and abandonment by, Least Bittern and Common Gallinule were related to shallower water, and early season, high volume dewatering. Least Bitterns nested more commonly along wetland edges and nests farther from the shore were more likely to survive. Similarly, we found mammalian depredation of nests and nest abandonment decreased when deeper water was present around nests. Alternatively, snake predation was observed earlier in the year prior to water removal from inundated emergent vegetation. Our results demonstrate water depth may be an important deterrent of nest predators, especially mammals, during the breeding season. Further, we recommend managers delay dewatering until after the nesting season at sites where management for conservation-priority marsh birds is a focus.</p>
Data from: Divergent physiological acclimation responses to warming between two co-occurring salamander species and implications for terrestrial survival
<p>Small differences in physiological responses are known to influence demographic rates such as survival. We tested for differences in the physiological acclimation responses of two closely-related salamander species that often co-occur, <em>Ambystoma maculatum </em>and <em>A. opacum</em>. Specifically, we measured changes in critical thermal maxima (CT<sub>max</sub>), standard metabolic rates (SMRs), and respiratory surface area water loss (RSAWL) following exposure to three temperature treatments under laboratory conditions. While the magnitude of RSAWL and CT<sub>max</sub><em> </em>acclimation responses to warming did not differ between the study species, SMR was maintained across acclimation temperatures among <em>A. maculatum, </em>but declined among <em>A. opacum </em>acclimated to warmer temperatures<em>. </em>Metabolic compensation may facilitate maintained <em>A.</em> <em>maculatum </em>activity levels during warm periods following the relatively cool spring breeding season. In contrast, metabolic suppression may allow <em>A. opacum</em> to conserve energy when exposed to surface conditions during fall breeding and nest guarding. We simulated how these different SMR responses would likely alter post-metamorphic survival in our study species using previously collected data representing six weeks under relatively warm seminatural conditions. Our simulation indicated that, following warming and under identical study conditions, metabolic compensation may allow juvenile <em>A. maculatum </em>to maintain survival likelihoods, whereas metabolic depression may cause juvenile <em>A. opacum </em>to experience increased survivorship. These findings underscore that comparable physiological responses among ecologically similar, sympatric species cannot be assumed. Further, results of this study suggest that metabolic responses may play an important role in amphibian species persistence as temperatures increase due to habitat modification and climate change.</p>
Effects of mycotoxin treatment on fly survival, development time, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity in four mycophagous Drosophila species
<p>Many mycophagous Drosophila species have adapted to tolerate high concentrations of mycotoxins, an ability not reported in any other eukaryotes. Although an association between mycophagy and mycotoxin tolerance has been established in many Drosophila species, the genetic mechanisms of the tolerance are unknown. This study presents the inter- and intraspecific variation in the mycotoxin tolerance trait. We studied the mycotoxin tolerance in four Drosophila species from four separate clades within the immigrans-tripunctata radiation from two distinct locations. The effect of mycotoxin treatment on 20 isofemale lines per species was studied using seven gross phenotypes: survival to pupation, survival to eclosion, development time to pupation and eclosion, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity. We observed interspecific variation among four species, with D. falleni being the most tolerant, followed by D. recens, D. neotestacea, and D. tripunctata, in that order. The results also revealed geographical variation and intraspecific genetic variation in mycotoxin tolerance. This report provides the foundation for further delineating the genetic mechanisms of the mycotoxin tolerance trait.</p>
Projected changes in Laminaria species survival in Europe
<p>Future projections of annual kelp survival and mortality for the species <em>Laminaria hyperborea</em>, <em>Sacchinaria latissima</em> and <em>Laminaria digitata</em>.</p> <p>Supporting data for T4.1 of Horizon 2020 project FutureMARES.</p> <p>The file naming convention is kelp_{cmip6_model}_{ssp}, where <em>cmip6_model</em> names the CMIP6 model used to drive the projection, and <em>ssp</em> identifies which of SSP126, SSP245 and SSP585 was used.</p> <p>Each file shows modelled projected annual survival(1) and mortality (0) for <em>L. hyperborea</em>, <em>S. latissima</em> and <em>L. digitata</em> from 1995-2099.</p>
Water depth influences survival and predator-specific patterns of nest loss in three secretive marsh bird species
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Data from: Divergent physiological acclimation responses to warming between two co-occurring salamander species and implications for terrestrial survival
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Effects of mycotoxin treatment on fly survival, development time, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity in four mycophagous Drosophila species
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Experimentally evaluating effects of postfire drought on establishment, growth and survival of two widespread western conifer species; lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir
This research seeks to understand how drought following wildfires affects the establishment of two widespread Rocky Mountain tree species, lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. In Yellowstone National Park, warming, drying conditions are leading to increased frequency of severe wildfires that kill existing trees and trigger regeneration of the forest. These trends are expected to continue. Many tree species in Yellowstone are well adapted to fire. Yet, early and abundant seedling establishment after fire is critical for forests to recover. Tree seedlings are particularly sensitive to drought, and evidence suggests that sufficiently dry postfire conditions could cause widespread tree-seedling mortality, with ecological consequences that may last decades. This research will determine how seedlings from two tree species respond to drought conditions expected in the mid-21st century and will identify the physiological mechanisms that drive seedling response to dry conditions. The results of this study will advance understanding of how forests in the western United States will respond to environmental change over coming decades and provide useful information for western land managers who are grappling with increased wildfires.
Experimentally evaluating effects of postfire drought on establishment, growth and survival of two widespread western conifer species; lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir (greenhouse portion of experiment)
This research seeks to understand how drought following wildfires affects the establishment of two widespread Rocky Mountain tree species, lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. In Yellowstone National Park, warming, drying conditions are leading to increased frequency of severe wildfires that kill existing trees and trigger regeneration of the forest. These trends are expected to continue. Many tree species in Yellowstone are well adapted to fire. Yet, early and abundant seedling establishment after fire is critical for forests to recover. Tree seedlings are particularly sensitive to drought, and evidence suggests that sufficiently dry postfire conditions could cause widespread tree-seedling mortality, with ecological consequences that may last decades. This research will determine how seedlings from two tree species respond to drought conditions expected in the mid-21st century and will identify the physiological mechanisms that drive seedling response to dry conditions. The results of this study will advance understanding of how forests in the western United States will respond to environmental change over coming decades and provide useful information for western land managers who are grappling with increased wildfires.
Growth and survival of seedlings of 14 species of lowland rainforest trees planted in the La Guaria Annex (Canada Plot) of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, in 1986 and measured every six months or every year until 1992 (Part 1 of 2)
During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Costa Rica’s old growth forests were being cut to clear land for cattle pastures and large-scale agriculture. Timber concessions were also growing pine, gmelina, and other non-native trees for harvesting. The Costa Rican government was developing plans for a reforestation program and for a Payment for Environmental Services program to combat forest loss. At this time there were no data available on the growth of native trees species. The TRIALS project (starting with the CANADA Plot) was designed by OTS (Organization for Tropical Studies) and the DGF (Dirección General Forestal) to measure the growth and survival of native tree seedlings planted on abandoned pasture lands at the La Selva Biological Station. Data from these seedlings formed the basis of the reforestation law and the Payments of Ecosystem Services (PES) plan and this model was replicated in many other areas of Costa Rica.
Growth and survival of seedlings of 14 species of lowland rainforest trees planted in the La Guaria Annex (Canada Plot) of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, in 1986 and measured every six months or every year until 1992 (Part 2 of 2)
During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Costa Rica’s old growth forests were being cut to clear land for cattle pastures and large-scale agriculture. Timber concessions were also growing pine, gmelina, and other non-native trees for harvesting. The Costa Rican government was developing plans for a reforestation program and for a Payment for Environmental Services program to combat forest loss. At this time there were no data available on the growth of native trees species. The TRIALS project (starting with the CANADA Plot) was designed by OTS (Organization for Tropical Studies) and the DGF (Dirección General Forestal) to measure the growth and survival of native tree seedlings planted on abandoned pasture lands at the La Selva Biological Station. Data from these seedlings formed the basis of the reforestation law and the Payments of Ecosystem Services (PES) plan and this model was replicated in many other areas of Costa Rica.
Quantifying species traits related to oviposition behavior and offspring survival in two important disease vectors
<p>Animals with complex life cycles have traits related to oviposition and juvenile survival that can respond to environmental factors in similar or dissimilar ways. We examined the preference-performance hypothesis (PPH), which states that females lacking parental care select juvenile habitats that maximize fitness, for two ubiquitous mosquito species, <i>Aedes albopictus</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>. Specifically, we examined if environmental factors known to affect larval abundance patterns in the field played a role in the PPH for these species. We first identified important environmental factors from a field survey that predicted larvae across different spatial scales. We then performed two experiments, the first testing the independent responses of oviposition and larval survival to these environmental factors, followed by a combined experiment where initial oviposition decisions were allowed to affect larval life history measures. We used path analysis for this last experiment to determine important links among factors in explaining egg numbers, larval mass, development time, and survival. For separate trials, <i>Aedes albopictus</i> displayed congruence between oviposition and larval survival, however <i>C. quinquefasciatus</i> did not. For the combined experiment path analysis suggested neither species completely fit predictions of the PPH, with density dependent effects of initial egg number on juvenile performance in <i>A. albopictus</i>. For these species the consequences of female oviposition choices on larval performance do not appear to fit expectations of the PPH. </p>
Drought survival is positively associated with high turgor loss points in temperate perennial grassland species
<p>1. Turgor loss point (π<sub>tlp</sub>) has been suggested to be a key trait for drought resistance in woody species. In herbaceous grassland species the role of π<sub>tlp</sub> for species drought survival has not yet been tested, although grasslands are projected to experience more frequent and intense droughts with climate change.</p> <p>2. To gain insights into the role of π<sub>tlp</sub> for drought resistance of temperate perennial grassland species, we assessed π<sub>tlp</sub> of 41 species common in Germany (20 forbs, 21 grasses). We directly related them to the species' comparative whole-plant drought survival and midday leaf water potentials under drought (Ψ<sub>MD</sub>) assessed in a common garden drought experiment, and to species moisture association.</p> <p>3. Species drought survival increased with increasing π<sub>tlp</sub> across all species as well as within forbs or grasses separately. Ψ<sub>MD</sub> was positively related to π<sub>tlp</sub> and drought survival. Our results imply that high π<sub>tlp</sub> promotes drought survival of common perennial European temperate mesic grassland species by enabling them to maintain high leaf water potentials under drought, i.e., a desiccation avoidance strategy. However, π<sub>tlp</sub> was not related to species moisture association.</p> <p>4. The positive relationship between π<sub>tlp</sub> and drought survival in herbaceous grassland species was opposite to the negative relationship previously established in woody plants, implying that mechanisms of drought resistance differ between woody and herbaceous species. Our results highlight the necessity of directly testing the relationship of functional traits to whole-plant drought survival in different plant life forms, before using trait assessments for predicting plant responses to drought.</p>
Database of initial survival of three pine species after antitranspirant application
<p>Raw data from the Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales paper: "Initial survival of three pine species after antitranspirant application" Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales <strong>2022</strong> 13(69): 176-199. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9020071">10.29298/rmcf.v13i69.1145.</a></p> <p>The database corresponds to seedlings of three Mexican pines: <em>P. cooperi, P. durangensis</em> and <em>P. engelmannii</em>, that were treated with three antitranspirant products (Vapor Gard, Fitoglass, and Ecofilm) and two application methods (spraying and immersion). Survival data and root neck diameter were measured.</p>
A novel nematode species from the Siberian permafrost shares adaptive mechanisms for cryptobiotic survival with C. elegans dauer larva
<p>Some organisms in nature have developed the ability to enter a state of suspended metabolism called cryptobiosis<sup>1</sup> when environmental conditions are unfavorable. This state-transition requires the execution of complex genetic and biochemical programs<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup>, that enables the organism to survive for prolonged periods. Recently, nematode individuals have been reanimated from Siberian permafrost after remaining in cryptobiosis. Preliminary analysis indicates that these nematodes belong to the genera <em>Panagrolaimus</em> and <em>Plectus</em><sup>4</sup>. Here, we present precise radiocarbon dating indicating that the <em>Panagrolaimus</em> individuals have remained in cryptobiosis since the late Pleistocene (~46,000 years). Phylogenetic inference based on our genome assembly and a detailed morphological analysis demonstrate that they belong to an undescribed species, which we named <em>Panagrolaimus n. sp</em>. Comparative genome analysis revealed that the molecular toolkit for cryptobiosis in <em>Panagrolaimus n. sp. </em>and in <em>C. elegans</em> is partly orthologous. We show that biochemical mechanisms employed by these two species to survive desiccation and freezing under laboratory conditions are similar. Our experimental evidence also reveals that <em>C. elegans</em> dauer larvae can remain viable for longer periods in suspended animation than previously reported. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that nematodes evolved mechanisms potentially allowing them to suspend life over geological time scales.</p>
Data from: Recurrent sublethal warming reduces embryonic survival, inhibits juvenile growth, and alters species distribution projections under climate change
The capacity to tolerate climate change often varies across ontogeny in organisms with complex life cycles. Recently developed species distribution models incorporate traits across life stages; however, these life-cycle models primarily evaluate effects of lethal change. Here, we examine impacts of recurrent sublethal warming on development and survival in ecological projections of climate change. We reared lizard embryos in the laboratory under temperature cycles that simulated contemporary conditions and warming scenarios. We also artificially warmed natural nests to mimic laboratory treatments. In both cases, recurrent sublethal warming decreased embryonic survival and hatchling sizes. Incorporating survivorship results into a mechanistic species distribution model reduced annual survival by up to 24% compared to models that did not incorporate sublethal warming. Contrary to models without sublethal effects, our model suggests that modest increases in developmental temperatures influence species ranges due to effects on survivorship.
An explicit test of Pleistocene survival in peripheral versus nunatak refugia in two high mountain plant species
<p>Pleistocene climate fluctuations had profound influence on the biogeographic history of many biota. As large areas in higher latitudes and high mountain ranges were covered by glaciers, biota were forced either to peripheral refugia (and possibly beyond to lowland refugia) or to interior refugia (nunataks), but nunatak survival remains controversial as it solely relies on correlative genetic evidence. Here, we test the nunatak hypothesis using two high alpine plant species of contrasting pollination modes (insect-pollinated Pedicularis aspleniifolia and wind-pollinated Carex fuliginosa) in the European Alps, a geographic model system to study Pleistocene biogeography. Employing the iDDC (integrative distributional, demographic and coalescent) approach, which couples species distribution modelling, spatial and temporal demographic simulation and Approximate Bayesian Computation, we explicitly test three hypotheses of glacial survival: (1) peripheral survival only, (2) nunatak survival only, and (3) nunatak plus peripheral survival. In P. aspleniifolia the nunatak plus peripheral survival hypothesis was supported by Bayes Factors (BF > 100), whereas in C. fuliginosa the peripheral survival only hypothesis, though best supported, could not be unambiguously distinguished from the nunatak plus peripheral survival hypothesis (BF = 5.58). These results are consistent with current habitat preferences (P. aspleniifolia extends to higher elevations) and the potential for genetic swamping, i.e., replacement of local genotypes via hybridization with immigrating genotypes (expected to be higher in the wind-pollinated C. fuliginosa). Although the persistence of plants on nunataks during glacial periods has been debated and studied over decades, this is one of the first studies to explicitly test the hypothesis instead of solely using correlative evidence.</p>
Large-scale supplemental feeding alters lay date and nest survival in Eastern Bluebirds but not in two species of chickadees
<p>Wild bird feeding is a popular and growing activity, with approximately half of households participating in nations including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia. Supplemental feeding can increase survival and reproductive success of birds (which is often a goal of supplemental feeding efforts), but it raises concerns about phenological mismatch, reduced clutch size, or increased risk of nest predation. Our objectives were to test whether access to supplemental food during the breeding season was correlated with (1) advanced egg-laying phenology, (2) increased clutch size, or (3) improved nest survival of 3 cavity-nesting species (Carolina Chickadee, <i>Poecile carolinensis</i>; Black-capped Chickadee, <i>P. atricapillus</i>; and<i> </i>Eastern Bluebird, <i>Sialia</i> <i>sialis</i>) at a large spatial scale (United States and Canada; 22 degrees latitude difference and 55 degrees longitude difference). We examined data from 24,528 nest attempts submitted to NestWatch from 2014–2019. For Eastern Bluebirds, birds with access to supplemental insects initiated clutches 5.83 (± 0.89 SE) days earlier than birds without access to food subsidies, while predicted nest survival was 5% greater for birds with access to supplemental insects (probability of nest success = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.77–0.81) when compared to birds without (0.74, 95% CI = 0.72–0.75). Clutch size of Eastern Bluebirds did not differ between birds with and without access to supplemental insects. For chickadees, supplemental feeding (of seeds, suet, insects, or fruit) was not correlated with phenology, clutch size, or nest survival. <span>Our results suggest that supplemental feeding of insects can be an effective tool for increasing nest survival in Eastern Bluebirds and potentially other food-limited insectivores. However, the efficacy of supplemental feeding for improving reproductive success varies across <a>taxa</a></span><span>. </span>Our results can help elucidate how wild bird feeding contributes to global phenomena such as earlier nesting, nest survival, and population <a>change</a>.</p>
Methods of species pool determination as predictors of survival in seeding and transplanting experiments
<ol> <li><span>Community composition is limited by a species' ability to reach, establish, and survive on a site. Establishment and survival are constrained by both abiotic conditions and biotic interactions that operate together on local scales. They decide which species from the pool will form the community. For this reason, it is very important to clearly define the species pool, against which the community composition is compared. </span></li> <li><span>The effect of biotic and abiotic factors can be assessed experimentally, and the species pool by using estimation methods based on broad-scale observational data. We compared success of five species pool estimation methods in predicting establishment and survival in a seed/transplant addition experiment. </span></li> <li> <span>In four different locations, we added resident and non-resident species to plots with and without competition and</span><span> tested the ability of the species to thrive in both competition-free gaps (constrained mainly by abiotic conditions) and in intact vegetation (complete community filter). In these treatments, we studied the seedling recruitment and survival, and the establishment and survival of pre-grown transplants. The ability of species pool assessment methods to predict species performance in individual treatments was compared. The comparison of results from individual treatments indicates the importance of individual components of the community filter. </span> </li> <li><span>Species pool assessment methods, based on species co-occurrence patterns (Beals index, Favourability, and Unconstrained ordination), were the best predictors of species performance in the intact vegetation but were less successful in the competition-free environment. Methods based on co-occurrence patterns were the most effective for predicting seedling establishment, while seed germination alone and transplant survival were poorly predictable. </span></li> <li><span>The biotic filter was the principal factor defining our community composition, especially for the process of seedling establishment. The roles of biotic and abiotic filters are very difficult to distinguish without an experimental approach and the ratio of their importance changes during plant ontogenesis.</span></li> </ol>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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