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Fig. 7 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Fragments of Bouchardia rosea (Mawe, 1823) shells resulting from the breakage along the surface defined by polychaete tubes.

Fig. 2 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Schematic stratigraphic sections of the studied fossil localities in Bajo de San Julián, Argentina (A) and Cerro Bautista, Uruguay (B), showing the Bouchardia−beds.

Fig. 4. Bioerosion trace Caulostrepsis. A. Specimen DZP−18422 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 4. Bioerosion trace Caulostrepsis. A. Specimen DZP−18422, ventral valve of Bouchardia rosea showing the typical morphology of Caulostrepsis. Note the well−developed central ridge, and the straight morphology of the trace. B, C. Specimens DZP−18423 and 18424, respectively. Note that the galleries are roughly straight, and not enlarged at their distal extremities. The apertural groove (arrow) is well marked. D. Specimen DZP−18425, dorsal valve, showing multiple (arrows), straight traces. E, F. X−ray images of the specimens DZP−18426 and 18427, respectively. Note the straight morphology of unabraded tubes and the apertural groove (arrow) in the specimen DZP−18427. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Morphology of Caulostrepsis. A, B. Drawings of Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke, 1908 (A) and Caulostrepsis cretacea (Voigt, 1971) (B), respectively. C. Morphology of Caulostrepsis traces found in Bouchardia rosea shells. Note differences in the cross−sectional morphology between the traces reported here (C) and those documented previously (A, B).

Fig. 5 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Spionid polychaete Polydora sp. found in association with Bouchardia rosea shells, Ubatuba Bight, 10 and 20 m depth. Specimen DZP−18668. A, B. Anterior segments of Polydora showing the characteristic modified chaetae (arrows) in its 5th segment. C. Polydora hooks (arrow) from the median segments. D. Posterior segments of Polydora showing the flanged pygidium (arrow). Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 3. General shell morphology of bouchardiid brachiopods. A–C. Bouchardia rosea (Mawe, 1823) from modern accumulations from the Ubatuba coast, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A. Specimen DZP−18669. B. Specimen DZP−18670. C. Specimen DZP−18671. D–F. Bouchardia transplatina Ihering, 1907 from the Cerro Bautista locality, the Camacho Formation, Late Miocene, Uruguay. D. Specimen FCDP−2305E. E. Specimen FCDP−2305G. F. Specimen FCDP−2305K. G–I. Bouchardia zitteli Ihering, 1897 from the Manantial Salado locality, the San Julian Formation, Late Oligocene, Argentina. G. Specimen IGC−DPE−855D. H. Specimen IGC−DPE−865H. I. Specimen IGC−DPE−865N. Scale bars 5 mm.

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Figure 2. Alien spionid polychaetes from Sukhum Bay, Black Sea. A in First occurrence of the invasive alien species Streblospio gynobranchiata (Rice & Levin, 1998) and Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) on the coast of Abkhazia (Sukhum Bay, Black Sea)

Figure 2. Alien spionid polychaetes from Sukhum Bay, Black Sea. A – general view of Streblospio gynobranchiata (female, length 6.35 mm), B,C – Polydora cornuta morphology (fifth chaetiger): major spines with tooth (at) and companion chaetae (bc). Scale bars: 10 μm.

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A 480-million-year-old parasitic spionid annelid

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FIGURE 15 in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 15. Scolelepis magnicornuta sp. n. A–H, paratypes (USNM 1096810) SEM micrographs. A, anterior end, lateral view; B, anterior end, lateral view (palps missing); C, anterior end, dorsal view; D, occipital tentacle (arrowhead shows cilia on side of tentacle); E, middle region of palp, frontal view (arrowhead indicates faint division in transverse rows of cilia; short rows top, long rows bottom); F, setigers 10–15 (right to left), lateral view; G, setigers 30–33 (right to left), lateral view (arrowhead indicates lateral organ); H, pygidium, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm; D = 100 µm; E = 50 µm; F–H = 250 µm.

FIGURE 13. Scolelepis hutchingsae A–E in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 13. Scolelepis hutchingsae A–E, voucher specimens (USNM 1096812) SEM micrographs. A, setigers 2–4 (left to right), lateral view (arrowhead indicates lateral organ); B, setigers 13–21 (right to left), lateral view (arrowhead indicates lateral organ); C, setiger 20 neuropodial hooded hooks; D, posterior setigers and pygidium, dorsal view; E, posterior setigers and pygidium, lateral view. Scale bars: A, D = 100 µm; B = 250 µm; C = 25 µm; E = 250 µm.

FIGURE 12. Scolelepis hutchingsae A–G in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 12. Scolelepis hutchingsae A–G, voucher specimens (USNM 1096812) SEM micrographs. A, anterior end, lateral view (palp missing on right side); B, anterior end, dorsal view; C, anterior end, oblique en-face view; D, anterior end, lateral view; E, caruncle and nuchal organ (base of palp at top, arrowhead indicates patches of cilia on palp base shown in F); F, base of palp with patches of cilia; G, lateral view of palp; H, middle region of palp, oblique frontal view (arrowheads show two short ciliary rows on elevated lobes). Scale bars: A–B, D = 250 µm; C = 125 µm; E = 50 µm; F = 25 µm; G = 100 µm; H = 20 µm.

FIGURE 17 in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 17. Scolelepis villosivaina sp. n. A–I, paratypes (USNM 1096815) SEM micrographs. A, anterior end, lateral view; B, anterior end, lateral view (palps missing); C, anterior end, oblique dorsal view; D, anterior end, dorsal view (palps missing); E, base of palp showing sheath (arrow indicates beginning of ciliary rows; arrowhead indicates groups of cilia on palp sheath); F, middle region of palp, frontal view; inset shows part of a single transverse ciliary row (N indicates neck of gland cells, C indicates cilia); G, setiger 8–10 (right to left), lateral view; H, setiger 33–36 (left to right), lateral view; I, bacterial cells attached to setiger 1 (same specimen as shown in A). Scale bars: A–D, H = 500 µm; E = 100 µm; F = 50 µm; G = 250 µm; I = 10 µm.

FIGURE 10 in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 10. Scolelepis alisonae sp. n. A–D, paratypes (USNM 1096806) SEM micrographs. A, proximal region of palp, frontal view (arrowhead indicates faint division in transverse rows of cilia; short rows top, long rows bottom; note that at point of arrowhead there are two long rows below and only one short row above); B, distal tip of palp, frontal view; C, setiger 68, oblique dorsolateral view; D, posterior setigers and pygidium, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 25 µm; C = 100 µm; D = 250 µm.

FIGURE 9 in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 9. Scolelepis alisonae sp. n. A–H, paratypes (USNM 1096806) SEM micrographs. A, anterior end, oblique lateral view (palps missing); B, anterior end, dorsal view; C, anterior end, lateral view; D, setiger 1 and base of palp, lateral view; E, tips of neurosetae from setiger 3; F, setiger 2, lateral view; G, setiger 19 & 20 (left to right), lateral view (arrowheads indicate lateral organs); H, setigers 49–51 (top to bottom), lateral view. Scale bars: A–C = 250 µm; D = 100 µm; E–H = 200 µm.

FIGURE 7. Malacoceros indicus. A–E in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 7. Malacoceros indicus. A–E, voucher specimens (USNM 1096801); F–G (USNM 1096800) SEM micrographs. A, anterior end, oblique lateral view (arrowhead indicates 2 bulbous lobes of proboscis); B, anterior end, dorsal view; C, neuropodium of setiger 10 (arrowhead indicates lateral organ); D, sabre setae of setiger 10; E, neuropodium of setiger 72 (arrowhead indicates nipple-like projection); F, setigers 20–24 (right to left), lateral view; G, posterior setigers and pygidium, lateral view. Scale bars: A–B = 500 µm; C = 5µm; D–E = 50 µm; F = 500 µm; G = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Polydora cavitensis. A–D in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 3. Polydora cavitensis. A–D, voucher specimen (USNM 1096803) SEM micrographs. A, anterior end, dorsal view; B, anterior end, lateral view (occipital tentacle indicated by arrowhead); C, setigers 1–4 (left to right), lateral view (lateral organs indicated by arrowheads); D, major spines of setiger 5, lateral view. Scale bars: A–B = 250 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 10 µm.

FIGURE 5 in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 5. Dispio latilamella sp. n. A–H, paratype (USNM 1096796) SEM micrographs. A, anterior end, lateral view (arrowhead shows papillae on prostomium); B, anterior end, lateral view (opposite side of specimen in A, palp missing); inset shows spinelets on notoseta of setiger 1; C, anterior end, dorsal view; D, setiger 1 notopodia; E, proximal to middle region of palp, frontal view (arrowhead indicates a transverse row of cilia on one side of ventral ciliated groove); F, setigers 10–14 (left to right), lateral view; G, setigers 18–20 (left to right), lateral view (first accessory branchiae on setiger 19 shown by arrowhead; horizontal arrow indicates lateral organ); H, setiger 30–33 (right to left), lateral view. Scale bars: A–C = 500 µm; D = 100 µm; E = 50 µm; F–H = 250 µm; inset of B = 2.5 µm.

FIGURE 6. Malacoceros indicus. A–E, G–H in New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis

FIGURE 6. Malacoceros indicus. A–E, G–H, voucher specimens (USNM 1096799); F (ZRC 2006.0221). A, anterior end, dorsal view; B, anterior end, lateral view; C, setiger 1, anterior lateral view; D, setiger 2, anterior lateral view; E, setiger 19, lateral view (posterior end to left); F, setiger 79, anterior lateral view; G, hooded hook from posterior setiger; H, posterior setigers and pygidium, lateral view. Scale bars: A–B = 250 µm; C–F = 100 µm; G = 10 µm; H = 125 µm.

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FIGURE 12. Spionid internal anatomy. A in Spionidae (Annelida) from shallow waters around the British Islands: an identification guide for the NMBAQC Scheme with an overview of spionid morphology and biology

FIGURE 12. Spionid internal anatomy. A, Spiophanes duplex, 13-segment anterior end of 23-segment juvenile, large glandular organs with long chaetae in segments 5–7, small glandular organs with short chaetae in segments 8–13, and gizzard-like structure (muscularized posterior part of oesophagus) in segments 10–11. B, Laonice petersenae, anterior end, ventral view, dark green excretory metanephridia from segment 4 and interneuropodial lateral pouches from segment 5. C, Prionospio heterobranchia, segments 6–9, dorsal view, main dorsal blood vessel with red blood and soft cylindrical heart body inside. D, Prionospio heterobranchia, middle part of pinnate branchia, arrangement of pinnules. E, Dipolydora quadrilobata, neuropodium of segment 8, glandular pouch composed by group of glandular cells covered by common envelop. bb—ventral buccal bulb; ch—chaeta inside glandular organ; dv—main dorsal blood vessel; gc—secretory cell of glandular pouch; gi— gizzard-like structure; gl—neuropodial glandular organ; gp—glandular pouch; hb—heart body; hh—hooded hook; lp—lateral interneuropodial pouch; mg—middle gut; ne—nephridium; oe—oesophagus; pi—branchial pinnule; s5–s13—segments 5–13. Scales: A, C–E—50 µm. B—500 µm.