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19 results for “spruce budworm”
Stand inventory data (overstory and understory) in northern New Mexico forests affected by western spruce budworm (Choristoneura freemani Razowski) defoliation, 2012-2013
Stand Selection Stands were selected based on data provided by the United States Forest Service insect and disease aerial survey maps. The following criteria was used for stand selection: 1. At least 50% of pre-2000 species composition comprised of the same host tree; 2. No forest treatments within previous 20 years; and 3. Similar slope, aspect, vegetation association and elevation. Stands ranged from west-central New Mexico to north-central New Mexico. Sampling was completed in the summers of 2012 and 2013 in the Mount Taylor stands and the summer of 2013 for the remainder of the stands. Plots A randomized, systematic grid of ten clusters of two 0.02 ha plots were established using GIS software and exported to a handheld GPS. One plot of each cluster was located on the intersection of the grid (‘grid plots’) and the second located 50m at a random azimuth from the established grid plot (‘cluster plots’). This methodology was shown to improve sampling efficiency for stand characteristics pertaining to western spruce budworm within a set allowable error (Lynch 2003). Five 0.001 ha nested regeneration plots were also established (described below). Plot Characteristics Vegetation association was assessed using the Plant Associations of Arizona and New Mexico habitat typing guide. Canopy cover was recorded using a GRS densiometer in 1m increments on two 15.96 m transects bisecting plot center running north to south and east to west. Measurements will begin at 1m and extend to 15m totaling 15 measurements on the north to south transect. The east to west transect will exclude the measurement at 8m to avoid repeated measurements. Canopy cover was calculated by the number of canopy “hits” divided by the total number of measurements taken Overstory Measurements Species and diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured for all trees greater than 12.7 cm in diameter occurring in plot. DBH was considered to be 1.37 meters above ground. The height and canopy base height of each t
Data to support publication figures and animation scripts at GitHub: Modeling weather-driven long-distance dispersal of spruce budworm moths (Choristoneura fumiferana)
<p>Long-term studies of insect populations in the North American boreal forest have shown the vital importance of long-distance dispersal to the maintenance and expansion of insect outbreaks. In this work, we extend several concepts established previously in an empirically-based dispersal flight model with recent work on the physiology and behavior of the adult eastern spruce budworm (SBW) moth, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). An outbreak of defoliating SBW in Quebec, ongoing since the mid-2000s, already covers millions of hectares of forests in eastern Canada and threatens to spread into neighboring areas through annual summertime episodes of long-distance dispersal. Such flight events in favorable conditions frequently include billions of SBW moths dispersing in the warm atmospheric boundary layer, typically starting around sunset and often lasting through several hours of wind-driven transport over hundreds of kilometers. Successful SBW dispersal to possibly distant host forest areas depends acutely on the weather. Here we describe the components and results of SBW–pyATM, an open-source individual-based modeling framework developed in Python for the simulation of these weather-driven SBW dispersal events. Using seasonal SBW phenology results from BioSIM at known outbreak locations and high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model output, we focus on modeling dispersal flights over two successive nights in July 2013 in southern Quebec. Our flight model closely reproduces the SBW spatial patterns and motions observed by weather surveillance radar over the St. Lawrence estuary. With SBW–pyATM we can estimate landing locations for both male and female SBW and the resulting spatial patterns of egg distribution, allowing us eventually to forecast future larval defoliation activity in new locations where immigration could help overcome local limitations on SBW populations. This information could then support forest management decisions where SBW outbreaks threaten valuable resources.</p>
Data from: Differential defoliation and mortality of white spruce and balsam fir by Eastern spruce budworm
<p>White spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em>) and Balsam fir (<em>Abies balsamea</em>) tree mortality data and tree characteristics recorded in July 2019 following an Eastern spruce budworm outbreak detected at two sites in northern Wisconsin, USA in 2014. These data were collected at the individual tree level, and include tree status, tree diameter at breast height (cm) and canopy class.</p>
Data from: Differential defoliation and mortality of white spruce and balsam fir by Eastern spruce budworm
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Douglas-fir ring width data for reconstructing past periods of western spruce budworm outbreak
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Data to support publication figures and animation scripts at GitHub: Modeling weather-driven long-distance dispersal of spruce budworm moths (Choristoneura fumiferana)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Continent-wide population genomic structure and phylogeography of North America's most destructive conifer defoliator, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)
<p>The spruce budworm, <i>Choristoneura fumiferana</i>, is presumed to be panmictic across vast regions of North America. We examined the extent of panmixia by genotyping 3650 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 1975 individuals from 128 collections across the continent. We found three spatially structured subpopulations: Western (Alaska, Yukon), Central (southeastern Yukon to the Manitoba-Ontario border) and Eastern (Manitoba-Ontario border and Atlantic). Additionally, the most diagnostic genetic differentiation between the Central and Eastern subpopulations was chromosomally restricted to a single block of SNPs that may constitute an island of differentiation within the species. Geographic differentiation in the spruce budworm parallels that of its principal larval host, white spruce, <i>Picea glauca</i>, providing evidence that spruce trees survived in the Beringian refugium through the Last Glacial Maximum and that at least two isolated populations diverged with spruce/fir south of the ice sheets. Gene flow in the spruce budworm may also be affected by mountains in western North America, habitat isolation in West Virginia, regional adaptations, factors related to dispersal, and proximity of other species in the spruce budworm species complex. The central and eastern geographic regions contain individuals that assign to Eastern and Central subpopulations, respectively, indicating that these barriers are not complete. Our discovery of previously undetected geographic and genomic structure in the spruce budworm suggests that further population modelling of this ecologically important insect should consider regional differentiation, potentially co-adapted blocks of genes, and gene flow between subpopulations. </p>
Hydroxyacetophenone defenses in white spruce against spruce budworm
<p>We review a recently discovered <span class="il">white</span> <span class="il">spruce</span> (Picea glauca) chemical defense <span class="il">against</span> <span class="il">spruce</span> <span class="il">budworm</span> (Choristoneura fumiferana) involving hydroxyacetophenones. These defense metabolites detected in the foliage accumulate variably as the aglycons, piceol and pungenol, or the corresponding glucosides, picein and pungenin. We summarize current knowledge of the genomic, molecular and biochemical as well as genetic underpinnings of this defense and its effects on C. fumiferana. We present an update with new results on the ontogenic variation and the phenological window of this defense, including analysis of transcript responses in P. glauca to C. fumiferana herbivory. We also discuss this chemical defense from an evolutionary and a breeding context.</p>
Not just for the birds: Spiders as natural enemies of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana, Clem.)
<p>The eastern spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em>, Clem.) is a native irruptive forest pest that defoliates spruce-fir forests throughout North America’s boreal zone. Past studies suggest that successful spruce budworm population control requires high natural mortality from a variety of sources, including predators, especially from parasitoids and birds. While well represented in many different ecosystems, the role of generalist predatory spiders in these boreal systems remains largely unstudied. To determine the identity and percentage of spiders that predate on spruce budworm, we hand collected spiders from balsam fir (<em>Abies balsamea</em>) in stands with relatively high spruce budworm densities from forests in insular Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Using a spruce budworm specific TaqMan real time PCR assay we successfully amplified spruce budworm DNA in 32% of collected spiders. After spider molecular barcoding we found the web-builders <em>Grammonota angusta</em> Dondale, <em>Pityohyphantes </em>(aff. <em>subarcticus</em>), <em>Dictyna brevitarsa</em> Emerton, and <em>Estrandia grandaeva</em> (Keyserling) represented 58% of the spiders feeding on spruce budworm, and the wandering hunter <em>Philodromus rufus vibrans</em> Dondale represented 11.8%. Our molecular approach was an effective means with which to identify recently consumed prey and natural enemies in this boreal system.</p>
Data from: Rearing and sampling methods for estimating spruce budworm development rates at constant temperatures
<p>We describe an experimental protocol for measuring the response of spruce budworm post-diapause larval development to temperature. This protocol is specifically designed to include measurements of development near their upper and lower thermal thresholds. The application of this protocol to a laboratory colony allowed for the first experimental evidence that spruce budworm larval development occurs at temperatures as low as 5 ºC and as high as 35 ºC and provides data to estimate development rates at temperatures from 5–35 ºC in 5 ºC increments. Our protocol is also designed to minimize mortality near the thermal development thresholds thus allowing for multi-generational studies. We observed developmental plasticity in larvae reared at constant temperatures, particularly the occurrence of up to 42% of some individuals requiring only five instars to complete development, compared to the expected six instars. An occurrence that exhibited no clear relation to temperature. While this protocol is specifically designed for spruce budworm, it provides a template for the study of other species' developmental responses to temperature.</p>
VCF files of loci in approximate linkage equilibrium for two common spruce budworm larval parasitoids: Apanteles fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Glypta fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
<p>Periodic and spatially synchronous outbreaks of insect pests have dramatic consequences for boreal and sub-boreal forests. Within these multitrophic systems, parasitoids can be stabilizing agents by dispersing toward patches containing higher host density (the so-called <i>birdfeeder effect</i>). However, we know little about the dispersal abilities of parasitoids in continuous forested landscapes, limiting our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of host–parasitoid systems, and constraining our ability to predict forest resilience in the context of global changes. In this study, we investigate the spatial genetic structure and spatial variation in genetic diversity of two important species of spruce budworm larval parasitoids during outbreaks: <i>Apanteles fumiferanae</i> Viereck (Braconidae) and <i>Glypta fumiferanae </i>(Viereck) (Ichneumonidae). Using parasitoids sampled in 2014 from 26 and 29 locations across a study area of 350,000 km<sup>2</sup>, we identified 1,012 and 992 neutral SNP loci for <i>A. fumiferanae</i> (<i>N</i> = 279 individuals) and <i>G. fumiferanae</i> (<i>N</i> = 382), respectively. Using DAPC, PCA, AMOVA, and IBD analyses, we found evidence for panmixia and high genetic connectivity for both species, matching the previously described genetic structure of the spruce budworm within the same context, suggesting similar effective dispersal during outbreaks and high parasitoid population densities between outbreaks. We also found a significant negative relationship between genetic diversity and latitude for <i>A. fumiferanae</i> but not for <i>G. fumiferanae</i>, suggesting that northern range limits may vary by species within the spruce budworm parasitoid community. These spatial dynamics should be considered when predicting future insect outbreak severities in boreal landscapes.</p>
Data from: Continent-wide population genomic structure and phylogeography of North America’s most destructive conifer defoliator, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)
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Hydroxyacetophenone defenses in white spruce against spruce budworm
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Data from: Rearing and sampling methods for estimating spruce budworm development rates at constant temperatures
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
VCF files of loci in approximate linkage equilibrium for two common spruce budworm larval parasitoids: Apanteles fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Glypta fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
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Data from: Mechanisms underlying spruce budworm outbreak processes as elucidated by a 14-year study in New Brunswick, Canada
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Data from: Come from away: Reconstructing the long-range migratory flight of spruce budworm moths to Newfoundland, Canada
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Data from: Genome-wide SNPs resolve phylogenetic relationships in the North American spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex
High throughput sequencing technologies have revolutionized the potential to reconcile incongruence between gene and species trees, and numerous approaches have been developed to take advantage of these advances. Genotyping-by-sequencing is becoming a regular tool for gathering phylogenetic data, yet comprehensive evaluations of phylogenetic methods using these data are sparse. Here we use multiple phylogenetic and population genetic methods for genotyping-by-sequencing data to assess species relationships in a group of forest insect pests, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex. With few exceptions, all methods agree on the same relationships, most notably placing C. pinus as basal to the remainder of the group, rather than C. fumiferana as previously suggested. We found strong support for the monophyly of C. pinus, C. fumiferana, and C. retinana, but more ambiguous relationships and signatures of introgression in a clade of western lineages, including C. carnana, C. lambertiana, C. occidentalis occidentalis, C. occidentalis biennis, and C. orae. This represents the most taxonomically comprehensive genomic treatment of the spruce budworm species group, which is further supported by the broad agreement among multiple methodologies.
Data from: Genome-wide SNPs resolve phylogenetic relationships in the North American spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex
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