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Brood parasites that care: alternative nesting tactics in a subsocial wasp
<div> <p>Hosts and brood parasites are a classic example of conflict. Parasites typically provide no offspring care after laying eggs, imposing costs on hosts. Female subsocial wasps, <em>Ammophila pubescens</em>, alternated between initiating their own nests and an 'intruder' tactic of replacing eggs in nests of unrelated conspecifics. Hosts could respond by substituting new eggs of their own, with up to eight reciprocal replacements. Remarkably, intruders usually provisioned offspring in host nests, often alongside hosts. We used field data to investigate why intruders provision and to understand the basis of interactions. We found that intruders could not increase their fitness payoffs by using the typical brood parasite tactic of not provisioning offspring. Intruders using the typical tactic would benefit when hosts provisioned in their stead, but their offspring would starve when hosts failed to provision. Although some hosts obtained positive payoffs when intruders mistakenly provisioned their offspring, on average utilizing a conspecific nest represents parasitism: hosts pay costs while intruders benefit. Both females used the same tactic of egg replacement, but intruders more often laid the final egg. Selection should favour better discrimination of offspring, which could lead to repeated cycles of costly egg replacement.</p> </div>
Brood parasites that care: alternative nesting tactics in a subsocial wasp
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Data for: Insect homolog of oxytocin/vasopressin associated with parenting of males but not females in a subsocial beetle
<p>Parental care is thought to evolve through modification of behavioral precursors, which predicts that the mechanistic changes occur in the genes underlying those traits. The duplicated gene system of oxytocin/vasopressin has been broadly co-opted across vertebrates to influence parenting, from a pre-duplication ancestral role in water balance. It remains unclear whether co-option of these genes for parenting is limited to vertebrates. Here, we experimentally tested for associations between <em>inotocin </em>gene expression and water balance, parental acceptance of offspring, and active parenting in the subsocial beetle <em>Nicrophorus orbicollis</em>, to test whether a single copy homologue,<em> inotocin</em>, has similarly been co-opted for parental care in a species with elaborate parenting. As expected, <em>inotocin</em> was associated with water balance in both sexes. <em>Inotocin</em> expression increased around sexual maturation in both males and females, although more clearly in males. Finally, we found that expression of inotocin was not associated with acceptance of larvae but was associated with a transition to male but not female parenting. Moreover, level of offspring provisioning behavior and gene expression were positively correlated in males but uncorrelated in females. Our results suggest a broad co-option of this system for parenting that may have existed prior to gene duplication, and that inotocin may be associated with flexibility in parenting behavior.</p>
Data from: Duplication and sub/neofunctionalization of Malvolio, an insect homolog of Nramp, in the subsocial beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides
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Data from: Group recognition in a subsocial extreme omnivore is based on fecal odor preference that is modulated by coprophagy, diet, and learning
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Data for: Insect homolog of oxytocin/vasopressin associated with parenting of males but not females in a subsocial beetle
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Family life and cadmium ingestion independently shape offspring microbiomes in a subsocial insect
<h1>READ ME</h1> <p>This repositery contains all dataset that allow to reproduce this study (16S rRNA sequences in .fastq format, the R script and the informative file related with the samples (env_succession.txt). It also contains Supplemental material to complete the related manuscript.</p> <h2>1) The file "cd_data.txt" </h2> <p>It contains the informations regarding the samples. The description of the variables follows:</p> <ul> <li>ID: The identifiant of the sample (host)</li> <li>Clutch: The name of the family</li> <li>Treatment: The cadmium doses that had been administered (0, 25 or 100 mg/L)</li> <li>Group_nymph: social environment of the nymph where nymph are either isolated, with sibling (10 nymphs) or in family (10 nymphs with their mother).</li> </ul> <h2>2) The file "Cadmium_script.R" </h2> <p>This script allows to perform all the bioinformatical process and analyses that were made for this study. It was made on R version 4.4. This script needs the source code provided by the "<strong>make_biom.R</strong>" code that will need to be downloaded in the "reference_database" the script creates (but see the Cadmium_script).</p> <h2>3) The RData objects</h2> <p>We publish the R objects (phyloseq objects) that allow to perform all statistical analyses from the initial object "<strong>ps_proka.RData</strong>" or directly after the core calculation "<strong>core.RData</strong>". It avoids to perform all bioinformatical steps to process the sequences.</p> <h2>4) The file "R1R2.zip"</h2> <p>This folder zip contains all sequence at fastq format. These sequences are from the V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA genes sequenced by Illumina MiSeq 2x250 bp.</p> <h2>5) The file "Supplemental Material.pdf"</h2> <p>This document contains all supplemental tables and figures related with our study. Specifically,</p> <ul> <li><strong>Table S1:</strong> Results of the DESeq2 analysis regarding the effects of the cadmium ingestion and the social environment.</li> <li><strong>Figure S1: </strong>Electrophoresis gel (agarose 1.5%) of the 16S rRNA amplicons.</li> <li><strong>Figure S2: </strong>Species-Abundance Distribution (SAD) patterns for the microbial ASVs of the European earwig nymphs.</li> <li><strong>Figure S3:</strong> Rarefaction curves for each nymph microbiome, depending on its social environment.</li> <li><strong>Figure S4:</strong> <span lang="EN-GB">Alpha and beta-diversity</span><span lang="EN-GB"> of the nymph microbiomes.</span></li> </ul>
Figure 6 in Trophobiosis between ants and Eurystethus microlobatus Ruckes 1966 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) a cryptic, gregarious and subsocial stinkbug
Figure 6. Relationship among mean number of ants recruited and stinkbug aggregation size in rocky outcrops, southeastern Brazil.
Figure 3 in Trophobiosis between ants and Eurystethus microlobatus Ruckes 1966 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) a cryptic, gregarious and subsocial stinkbug
Figure 3. Frequency of adults plus nymphs, found on five plant microhabitats contingent with aggregation size, found on 70 randomly selected aggregations in rocky outcrops, southeastern Brazil. Total number of individuals per aggregation class: 1, n = 6; 2 to 10, n = 39; 11 to 50, n = 590; 51 to 100, n = 906; 101 to 200, n = 1293; 201 to 300, n = 1874;> 301, n = 4646).
Figure 7 in Trophobiosis between ants and Eurystethus microlobatus Ruckes 1966 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) a cryptic, gregarious and subsocial stinkbug
Figure 7. Relationship among ant:stinkbug ratio and aggregation size in rocky outcrops, southeastern Brazil.
Figure 5 in Trophobiosis between ants and Eurystethus microlobatus Ruckes 1966 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) a cryptic, gregarious and subsocial stinkbug
Figure 5. Daily variation on ant species recruitment to aggregations in rocky outcrops, southeastern Brazil. Number of aggregations with ant species present on at least one count in parenthesis, points represents mean and whiskers represent standard error.
Figure 1 in Trophobiosis between ants and Eurystethus microlobatus Ruckes 1966 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) a cryptic, gregarious and subsocial stinkbug
Figure 1. Observed distribution of Eurystethus microlobatus aggregations (n = 98; black bars) contingent with Psittacanthus robustus distribution (n = 519, white bars) on five plant size classes in rocky outcrops, southeastern Brazil.
Figure 3 in Nesting behaviour of Canthon unicolor and C. histrio: a new subsocial nesting variation in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Deltochilini)
Figure 3. Brood balls of Canthon unicolor and C. histrio. A) View of the brood ball of C. unicolor coated with the external shield layer, B) Internal morphology of the brood ball of C. unicolor and its external shield layer, C) Brood ball of C. histrio coated with the external shield layer, D) Internal morphology of the brood ball of C. histrio and its external shield layer. Measures: a) total height, b) total equatorial diameter, c) thickness of the shield layer, d) height of brood ball, e) equatorial diameter of brood ball, f) thickness of brood ball layer, g) height of protuberance, h) diameter of protuberance, i) diameter of provision chamber. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 2 in Nesting behaviour of Canthon unicolor and C. histrio: a new subsocial nesting variation in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Deltochilini)
Figure 2. Nests of Canthon unicolor and C. histrio. A) Male and female of C. unicolor near to brood ball, B) Nest of C. histrio with the female covering their brood ball with the shield layer.
Figure 1 in Nesting behaviour of Canthon unicolor and C. histrio: a new subsocial nesting variation in dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Deltochilini)
Figure 1. Nesting behaviour of Canthon unicolor and C. histrio. Cycle repeated. In grey, the new phases of the variation of the nesting pattern IV. Comma indicates no cooperation required between sexes; i.e. the activity in question may be performed by either the female or the male alone; addition symbol between the sexes indicates cooperation required; parentheses indicates obligatory activity for females with optional cooperation by male.
Supplementary material 1 from: Ruch J, Riehl T, Michalik P (2014) Re-description of Xysticus bimaculatus L. Koch, 1867 (Araneae, Thomisidae) and characterization of its subsocial lifestyle. ZooKeys 427: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.427.7450
List of species examined: Explanation note: The table shows a list of all species examined as well as the location of the material. Sex (male, female or juvenile) and whether the material was type material (yes/no) is shown as well.
Figure 4 in Natural history and population dynamics of the subsocial tortoise beetle Omaspides (Paromaspides) brunneosignata Boheman 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Figure 4. Omaspides (Paromaspides) brunneosignata Boheman (A) Predation of female guardian by Hemiptera; (B) adult predation of Omaspides brunneosignata by unidentified Araneae species; (C) larva predation by Polybia minarum Ducke 1906 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae); (D) union of two Omaspides brunneosignata offspring; one of them in the pupae stage (bottom of the photo) and the other in the pre-pupae stage, with an individual passing the pupa (indicated by the red arrow); (E) predation of pupae by Pseudomyrmex phyllophilus Smith 1858 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); (F) pupae being attacked by Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae).
Figure 6 in Natural history and population dynamics of the subsocial tortoise beetle Omaspides (Paromaspides) brunneosignata Boheman 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Figure 6. (A) Density of Omaspides (Paromaspides) brunneosignata Boheman (adults, egg masses, larval and pupal aggregations) found in the Floresta Nacional de Passa Quatro during its reproductive period from October 2010 to May 2011. (B) Density of Omaspides brunneosignata Boheman (adults, egg masses, larval and pupal aggregations) and leaves of its host plant Ipomoea syringifolia Meisn (Convolvulaceae) found in the Floresta Nacional de Passa Quatro from October 2016 to January 2018. Temperature (° C) and precipitation (mm) date are data are given for the same period of study and were provided by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia.
Figure 5 in Natural history and population dynamics of the subsocial tortoise beetle Omaspides (Paromaspides) brunneosignata Boheman 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Figure 5. Omaspides (Paromaspides) brunneosignata Boheman (A) Sign of herbivory by early-stage larvae (second – third instar); (B)female next to larvae in cycloalexic defence formation; (C) female next to leaf migrating larvae; (D) final stage larvae scraping the stem of the host plant; (E) marked female with newly emerged; (F) sign of herbivory by newly emerged.
Figure 2 in Natural history and population dynamics of the subsocial tortoise beetle Omaspides (Paromaspides) brunneosignata Boheman 1854 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Figure 2. Part of native forest of study area with understory constituted mainly by Pinus elliottii Engel. 1880 forests.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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