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Fig. 5. PrincipalComponentAnalysisbasedon 15 craniodentalcharactersof M in The Subspecies Of Myotis Montivagus - Taxonomic Revision And Species Limits (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Fig. 5. PrincipalComponentAnalysisbasedon 15 craniodentalcharactersof M. borneoensis (blackcircles), M. federatus (blacksquares), M. montivagus (emptysquares) and M. peytoni
Fig. 4 in The Subspecies Of Myotis Montivagus - Taxonomic Revision And Species Limits (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Fig. 4. Occlusal view of left upper premolar rows: a = M. annectans BM(NH) 78.2355 from Thailand, b = M. annectans BM(NH) 16.3.25.30 (holotype of M. primula), c = M. borneoensis BM(NH) 83.349 (holotype), d = M. federatus BM(NH) 16.4.20.5 (holotype), e = M. montivagus BM(NH) 76.3.10.5 (holotype), f = M. peytoni BM(NH) 12.8.25.1 (holotype). Scale = 3 mm.
Fig. 3 in The Subspecies Of Myotis Montivagus - Taxonomic Revision And Species Limits (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Fig. 3. Detail of the rostral part of skulls: a = M. annectans BM(NH) 78.2355 from Thailand, b = M. borneoensis BM(NH) 83.349 (holotype), c = M. federatus BM(NH) 16.4.20.5 (holotype), d = M. montivagus BM(NH) 76.3.10.5 (holotype), e = M. peytoni BM(NH) 12.8.25.1 (holo-
Fig. 2 in The Subspecies Of Myotis Montivagus - Taxonomic Revision And Species Limits (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Fig. 2. Lateral view of skulls: a = M. annectans BM(NH) 78.2355 from Thailand, b = M. borneoensis BM(NH) 83.349 (holotype), c = M. federatus BM(NH) 16.4.20.5 (holotype), d = M. montivagus BM(NH) 76.3.10.5 (holotype), e = M. peytoni BM(NH) 12.8.25.1 (holotype). Scale = 5 mm.
Historical specimens and the limits of subspecies phylogenomics in the New World quails (Odontophoridae)
<p>As phylogenomics focuses on comprehensive taxon sampling at the species and population/subspecies levels, incorporating genomic data from historical specimens has become increasingly common. While historical samples can fill critical gaps in our understanding of the evolutionary history of diverse groups, they also introduce additional sources of phylogenomic uncertainty, making it difficult to discern novel evolutionary relationships from artifacts caused by sample quality issues. These problems highlight the need for improved strategies to disentangle artifactual patterns from true biological signal as historical specimens become more prevalent in phylogenomic datasets. Here, we tested the limits of historical specimen-driven phylogenomics to resolve subspecies-level relationships within a highly polytypic family, the New World quails (Odontophoridae), using thousands of ultraconserved elements (UCEs). We found that relationships at and above the species level were well-resolved and highly supported across all analyses, with the exception of discordant relationships within the two most polytypic genera which included many historical specimens. We examined the causes of discordance and found that inferring phylogenies from subsets of taxa resolved the disagreements, suggesting that analyzing subclades can help remove artifactual causes of discordance in datasets that include historical samples. At the subspecies-level, we found well-resolved geographic structure within the two most polytypic genera, including the most polytypic species in this family, Northern Bobwhites (<em>Colinus virginianus</em>), demonstrating that variable sites within UCEs are capable of resolving phylogenetic structure below the species level. Our results highlight the importance of complete taxonomic sampling for resolving relationships among polytypic species, often through the inclusion of historical specimens, and we propose an integrative strategy for understanding and addressing the uncertainty that historical samples sometimes introduce to phylogenetic analyses.</p>
Historical specimens and the limits of subspecies phylogenomics in the New World quails (Odontophoridae)
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Fig. 1 in The Subspecies Of Myotis Montivagus - Taxonomic Revision And Species Limits (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Fig. 1. Measuringpointsoftheanteorbitalbridge (AOB).
Data from: Replicate contact zones suggest a limited role of plumage in reproductive isolation among subspecies of the Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina)
<p>After establishing secondary contact, recently diverged populations may remain reproductively isolated or may hybridize to a varying extent depending on factors such as hybrid fitness and the strength of assortative mating. Here, we used genomic and phenotypic data from three independent contact zones between subspecies of the Variable Seedeater (<em>Sporophila corvina</em>) to examine how coloration and genetic divergence shape patterns of hybridization. We found that differences in plumage coloration are likely maintained by divergent selection across contact zones; however, the degree of plumage differentiation does not match overall patterns of hybridization. Across two parallel contact zones between populations with divergent phenotypes (entirely black vs. pied plumage), populations hybridized extensively across one contact zone but not the other, suggesting that plumage divergence is not sufficient to maintain reproductive isolation. Where subspecies hybridized, hybrid zones were wide and formed by later-generation hybrids, suggesting frequent reproduction and high survivorship for hybrid individuals. Moreover, contemporary gene flow has played an important role in shaping patterns of genetic structure between populations. Replicated contact zones between hybridizing taxa offer a unique opportunity to explore how different factors interact to shape patterns of hybridization. Overall, our results demonstrate that divergence in plumage coloration is important in reducing gene flow but insufficient in maintaining reproductive isolation in this clade, and that other factors such as divergence in song and time since secondary contact may also play an important role in driving patterns of reduced hybridization and gene flow.</p>
Data from: Replicate contact zones suggest a limited role of plumage in reproductive isolation among subspecies of the Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina)
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Subspecies and Distribution. T. o. oryx Pallas, 1766 — S Africa including Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, and South Africa. 1. o. livingstonii Sclater, 1864 — S & E Africa; N limit through Angola and S DR Congo, then N to Rwanda, Uganda, SE Sudan, SW Ethiopia, Kenya, S Somalia, and Tanzania. in Bovidae
Subspecies and Distribution. T. o. oryx Pallas, 1766 — S Africa including Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, and South Africa. 1. o. livingstonii Sclater, 1864 — S & E Africa; N limit through Angola and S DR Congo, then N to Rwanda, Uganda, SE Sudan, SW Ethiopia, Kenya, S Somalia, and Tanzania.
Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear. in Tragulidae
Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear.
Subspecies and Distribution. H.b.bruceiGray,1868—Ethiopia. H.b.albipesHollister,1922—Kenya. H.b.bakeriGray,1874—Uganda. H.b.bocageiGray,1869—Angola. H.b.chapiniHatt,1933—DRCongo. H.b.dieseneriBrauer,1917—Tanzania. H.b.fromm:Brauer,1913—Tanzania. H.b.grantiWroughton,1910—SouthAfrica. H.b.hindeiWroughton,1910—Kenya. H.b.hoogstraaliSetzer,1956—Sudan. H.b.kemp:Thomas,1910—Kenya. H.b.lademanniBrauer,1917—Tanzania. H.b.manningiWroughton,1910—Malawi. H.b.mossambicusPeters,1870—Mozambique. H.b.muenzneriBrauer,1913—Tanzania. H.b.princepsThomas,1910—Ethiopia. H.b.prittwitziBrauer,1917—Tanzania. H.b.pumilusThomas,1910—Somaliland. H.b.rudd:Wroughton,1910—Mozambique. H.b.rudolfiThomas,1910—Ethiopia. H.b.somalicusThomas,1892—Somaliland. H.b.ssongeaeBrauer,1917—Tanzania. H.b.thomasiNeumann,1901—Sudan. H. b. victorianjansae Brauer, 1917 — Tanzania. Endemic to Africa from NE Sudan throughout the Horn of Africa, south to Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa, and also isolated populations in Angola. Determining the limits of subspecific distribution is not possible for the moment, but the subspecies and the countries bearing their type localities are included above. in Procaviidae
Subspecies and Distribution. H.b.bruceiGray,1868—Ethiopia. H.b.albipesHollister,1922—Kenya. H.b.bakeriGray,1874—Uganda. H.b.bocageiGray,1869—Angola. H.b.chapiniHatt,1933—DRCongo. H.b.dieseneriBrauer,1917—Tanzania. H.b.fromm:Brauer,1913—Tanzania. H.b.grantiWroughton,1910—SouthAfrica. H.b.hindeiWroughton,1910—Kenya. H.b.hoogstraaliSetzer,1956—Sudan. H.b.kemp:Thomas,1910—Kenya. H.b.lademanniBrauer,1917—Tanzania. H.b.manningiWroughton,1910—Malawi. H.b.mossambicusPeters,1870—Mozambique. H.b.muenzneriBrauer,1913—Tanzania. H.b.princepsThomas,1910—Ethiopia. H.b.prittwitziBrauer,1917—Tanzania. H.b.pumilusThomas,1910—Somaliland. H.b.rudd:Wroughton,1910—Mozambique. H.b.rudolfiThomas,1910—Ethiopia. H.b.somalicusThomas,1892—Somaliland. H.b.ssongeaeBrauer,1917—Tanzania. H.b.thomasiNeumann,1901—Sudan. H. b. victorianjansae Brauer, 1917 — Tanzania. Endemic to Africa from NE Sudan throughout the Horn of Africa, south to Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa, and also isolated populations in Angola. Determining the limits of subspecific distribution is not possible for the moment, but the subspecies and the countries bearing their type localities are included above.
Subspecies and Distribution. A. a. azarae Humboldt, 1812 — SC Brazil (Pantanal), S Bolivia (Banados del Izozog), Paraguay (S & W Chaco, W of the Rio Paraguay), and N Argentina (provinces of Chaco & Formosa). A. a. boliviensis Elliot, 1907 — SE Peru (S of the rios Madre de Dios and Inambari) and Bolivia E of the Andes (from the Rio Madre de Dios S to the Banados del Izozog in the border region with Paraguay). A. a. infulatus Kuhl, 1820 — Brazil, S of the Rio Amazonas (but with a small enclave in the SE tip of Amapa State), including Marajo and Caviana Is, extending E in the state of Maranhao as far as the Rio Parnaiba, S along the W bank of Rio Tocantins to the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, W limits are marked by the rios Tapajos and Juruena. in Aotidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A. a. azarae Humboldt, 1812 — SC Brazil (Pantanal), S Bolivia (Banados del Izozog), Paraguay (S & W Chaco, W of the Rio Paraguay), and N Argentina (provinces of Chaco & Formosa). A. a. boliviensis Elliot, 1907 — SE Peru (S of the rios Madre de Dios and Inambari) and Bolivia E of the Andes (from the Rio Madre de Dios S to the Banados del Izozog in the border region with Paraguay). A. a. infulatus Kuhl, 1820 — Brazil, S of the Rio Amazonas (but with a small enclave in the SE tip of Amapa State), including Marajo and Caviana Is, extending E in the state of Maranhao as far as the Rio Parnaiba, S along the W bank of Rio Tocantins to the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, W limits are marked by the rios Tapajos and Juruena.
Subspecies and Distribution. A. [. fusciceps Gray, 1866 — NW Ecuador, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Carchi, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the Guayas Province (most S record is in "Puente sobre el rio Chimbo," Chimborazo Province), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A. f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872 — E Panama (Atlantic slope) and W Colombia from the Uraba region in NW Antioquia, N through Cordoba, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio Cauca to the coast, E to the lower Rio Cauca along the W bank to SC Antioquia (the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A. geoffroyi grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW Colombia (the most southerly record is Barabacoas, Narino Department). in Atelidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A. [. fusciceps Gray, 1866 — NW Ecuador, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Carchi, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the Guayas Province (most S record is in "Puente sobre el rio Chimbo," Chimborazo Province), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A. f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872 — E Panama (Atlantic slope) and W Colombia from the Uraba region in NW Antioquia, N through Cordoba, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio Cauca to the coast, E to the lower Rio Cauca along the W bank to SC Antioquia (the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A. geoffroyi grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW Colombia (the most southerly record is Barabacoas, Narino Department).
Subspecies and Distribution. A. p. palliata Gray, 1849 — NE Guatemala (Rio Motagua, and possibly along the coast a short distance to Cabo de Tres Puntas, where it meets the distribution of the Central American Black Howler, A. pigra), E to E Costa Rica or W Panama; it is not found in El Salvador, although it may have occurred there in the past. A. p. aequatorialis Festa, 1903 — from the S distributional limits of the nominate subspecies palliata (either in E Costa Rica or W Panama) through the Serrania del Darién into W Colombia (N through basins of the rios Sint and Atrato to the Caribbean coast, and S through the Serrania del Baudo and the foothills, lowlands, and lower montane areas W of the Andes to the Pacific coast), W Ecuador, and NW Peru (extreme N of Tumbes Department). A. p. coibensis Thomas, 1902 — SW Panama (Coiba and Jicaron Is). A. p. mexicana Merriam, 1902 — S & SE Mexico (states of Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Oaxaca, and N Chiapas) and Guatemala, in a swathe skirting the S of the distribution of the Central American Black Howler. A. p. trabeata Lawrence, 1933 — SW Panama (Azuero Peninsula). in Atelidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A. p. palliata Gray, 1849 — NE Guatemala (Rio Motagua, and possibly along the coast a short distance to Cabo de Tres Puntas, where it meets the distribution of the Central American Black Howler, A. pigra), E to E Costa Rica or W Panama; it is not found in El Salvador, although it may have occurred there in the past. A. p. aequatorialis Festa, 1903 — from the S distributional limits of the nominate subspecies palliata (either in E Costa Rica or W Panama) through the Serrania del Darién into W Colombia (N through basins of the rios Sint and Atrato to the Caribbean coast, and S through the Serrania del Baudo and the foothills, lowlands, and lower montane areas W of the Andes to the Pacific coast), W Ecuador, and NW Peru (extreme N of Tumbes Department). A. p. coibensis Thomas, 1902 — SW Panama (Coiba and Jicaron Is). A. p. mexicana Merriam, 1902 — S & SE Mexico (states of Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Oaxaca, and N Chiapas) and Guatemala, in a swathe skirting the S of the distribution of the Central American Black Howler. A. p. trabeata Lawrence, 1933 — SW Panama (Azuero Peninsula).
Subspecies and Distribution. A. s. seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 — Colombia wherever there is forest (except along the Pacific coast and in the desert of the Guajira Peninsula in the far N), NW Venezuela (around Lake Maracaibo), Amazonian Brazil (N of the Solimoes and S of the Rio Negro), E Ecuador and E Peru (E of the Andes, E of the Rio Huallaga, to the upper rios Maranon, Napo, and Putumayo). A. s. juara Elliot, 1910 = W Amazonian Brazil S of the Solimoes, extending W into Amazonian Peru, in the Jurua Basin and, considering the form amazonica to be a synonym, extending across the Rio Solimoes to the interfluvium of the rios Japura and Negro; the W limit defining its distribution is not known. A. s. puruensis Lonnberg, 1941 — Brazilian Amazon, from the Rio Jurua Basin E to the lower Rio Madeira and the middle Rio Aripuana, it extends E across the upper Aripuana to the Rio Teles Pires, to the S is restricted to the N of the Rio Abuna, a left bank tributary of the Rio Madeira that extends along the N border of Bolivia; its occurrence is uncertain in the N of Rondonia State, S of the Rio Ji-parana, although it occurs in S Rondonia, to the Rio Mamoré-Guaporé, in the Serra da Pacaas Novos, and E through the Serra dos Parecis to the Rio Teles Pires. in Atelidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A. s. seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 — Colombia wherever there is forest (except along the Pacific coast and in the desert of the Guajira Peninsula in the far N), NW Venezuela (around Lake Maracaibo), Amazonian Brazil (N of the Solimoes and S of the Rio Negro), E Ecuador and E Peru (E of the Andes, E of the Rio Huallaga, to the upper rios Maranon, Napo, and Putumayo). A. s. juara Elliot, 1910 = W Amazonian Brazil S of the Solimoes, extending W into Amazonian Peru, in the Jurua Basin and, considering the form amazonica to be a synonym, extending across the Rio Solimoes to the interfluvium of the rios Japura and Negro; the W limit defining its distribution is not known. A. s. puruensis Lonnberg, 1941 — Brazilian Amazon, from the Rio Jurua Basin E to the lower Rio Madeira and the middle Rio Aripuana, it extends E across the upper Aripuana to the Rio Teles Pires, to the S is restricted to the N of the Rio Abuna, a left bank tributary of the Rio Madeira that extends along the N border of Bolivia; its occurrence is uncertain in the N of Rondonia State, S of the Rio Ji-parana, although it occurs in S Rondonia, to the Rio Mamoré-Guaporé, in the Serra da Pacaas Novos, and E through the Serra dos Parecis to the Rio Teles Pires.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Rio Jurua) and NE Peru, as far W as the E banks of the middle and lower Rio Tapiche and the lower Rio Ucayali, further S it extends W as far as the Rio Ucayali, crossing the Rio Tapiche at c.6° 40' S, the S limit is marked by the rios Urubamba and Inuya. S. m. pileatus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848 — Brazilian Amazon, W of the Rio Purus, S at least as far as the Rio Pauini or Rio Mamornia. S. m. pluto Lonnberg, 1926 — Brazilian Amazon, from the W (left) bank of the Rio Purus, N of the Rio Tapaua, as far W as the Rio Coart. in Callitrichiade
Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Rio Jurua) and NE Peru, as far W as the E banks of the middle and lower Rio Tapiche and the lower Rio Ucayali, further S it extends W as far as the Rio Ucayali, crossing the Rio Tapiche at c.6° 40' S, the S limit is marked by the rios Urubamba and Inuya. S. m. pileatus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848 — Brazilian Amazon, W of the Rio Purus, S at least as far as the Rio Pauini or Rio Mamornia. S. m. pluto Lonnberg, 1926 — Brazilian Amazon, from the W (left) bank of the Rio Purus, N of the Rio Tapaua, as far W as the Rio Coart.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. J. fuscicollis Spix, 1823 — W Brazil (states of Acre & Amazonas) and Peru, S of the Rio Solimoes, between the Rio Javari in the W, E through the Rio Jutai Basin to the Rio Jurua (left bank), also in Peru, W of the Rio Yavari as far as the Rio Tapiche, an E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, and extending N from there as far as the Rio Blanco (left bank), where it meets the distribution of Geoffroy's Saddle-back Tamarin, S. nigrifrons (right bank of the Rio Blanco). S. f. auvilapiresi Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil in the Amazonas State (type locality is the mouth of the Lago de Tefé, Rio Solimoes), found along the S of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Jurua and Purus, including the basins of the rios Urucu and Coari, and probably the Rio Tefé; the S limits are not known but possibly in the region of the N bank of the Rio Tapaua, an affluent of the Rio Purus. S. f. eruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil, described by Hershkovitz without provenance (based on a single individual "said to be from the upper Rio Purus"); M. G. M. van Roosmalen reported in 2003 that it had been observed by T. van Roosmalen on 21 June 2002, on the W bank of the Rio Purus, opposite the mouth of the Rio Sepatini, and noted that Hershkovitz was correct in supposing that it occurred between the rios Pauini and Tapaua, W of the Rio Purus. S. J. mura Rohe et al, 2009 — C Brazil (Amazonas State), interfluvium of the rios Madeira and Purus, S of the Rio Amazonas, probably S to the Rio Igapo-Acu. S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), the distribution is believed to extend from the left bank of the Rio Pauini, along the left bank of the upper Rio Purus, N to the Rio Tapaua (right bank), as far W the right bank of the Rio Jurua, and the Rio Tarauaca. in Callitrichiade
Subspecies and Distribution. S. J. fuscicollis Spix, 1823 — W Brazil (states of Acre & Amazonas) and Peru, S of the Rio Solimoes, between the Rio Javari in the W, E through the Rio Jutai Basin to the Rio Jurua (left bank), also in Peru, W of the Rio Yavari as far as the Rio Tapiche, an E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, and extending N from there as far as the Rio Blanco (left bank), where it meets the distribution of Geoffroy's Saddle-back Tamarin, S. nigrifrons (right bank of the Rio Blanco). S. f. auvilapiresi Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil in the Amazonas State (type locality is the mouth of the Lago de Tefé, Rio Solimoes), found along the S of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Jurua and Purus, including the basins of the rios Urucu and Coari, and probably the Rio Tefé; the S limits are not known but possibly in the region of the N bank of the Rio Tapaua, an affluent of the Rio Purus. S. f. eruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil, described by Hershkovitz without provenance (based on a single individual "said to be from the upper Rio Purus"); M. G. M. van Roosmalen reported in 2003 that it had been observed by T. van Roosmalen on 21 June 2002, on the W bank of the Rio Purus, opposite the mouth of the Rio Sepatini, and noted that Hershkovitz was correct in supposing that it occurred between the rios Pauini and Tapaua, W of the Rio Purus. S. J. mura Rohe et al, 2009 — C Brazil (Amazonas State), interfluvium of the rios Madeira and Purus, S of the Rio Amazonas, probably S to the Rio Igapo-Acu. S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), the distribution is believed to extend from the left bank of the Rio Pauini, along the left bank of the upper Rio Purus, N to the Rio Tapaua (right bank), as far W the right bank of the Rio Jurua, and the Rio Tarauaca.
Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. fortidens G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen, 1928 — Mexico, from N Sinaloa S along narrow strip on Pacific coast and from Veracruz S to Chiapas, and Guatemala. M. f. sonoriensis Findley & C. Jones, 1967 — at least Sonora and N Sinaloa in NW Mexico. Distributional limits of subspecies are obscure. in Vespertilionidae
Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. fortidens G. S. Miller & G. M. Allen, 1928 — Mexico, from N Sinaloa S along narrow strip on Pacific coast and from Veracruz S to Chiapas, and Guatemala. M. f. sonoriensis Findley & C. Jones, 1967 — at least Sonora and N Sinaloa in NW Mexico. Distributional limits of subspecies are obscure.
Subspecies and Distribution. P. m. maxwelli C.H. Smith, 1827 — Senegal and Gambia to E Ghana (likely limited to the E by the Volta River). P.m. danei Hinton, 1920 — Yatward and Sherbro Is, Sierra Leone. in Bovidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. m. maxwelli C.H. Smith, 1827 — Senegal and Gambia to E Ghana (likely limited to the E by the Volta River). P.m. danei Hinton, 1920 — Yatward and Sherbro Is, Sierra Leone.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.