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18 results for “succulent plants”
FIG. 3 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 3. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices: A, B, Pelargonium carnosum (L.) L'Hér.; A, stem, wood; B, stem, bands of libriform fibers; C-E, Moringa drouhardii Jum.; C, stem, diffused fibrous wood, lignification in ray parenchyma cells; D, stem, radial section; E, stem, secondary phloem dilatated; F, Oxalis megalorrhiza Jacq., stem, wood; G-I, Adenia glauca Schinz; G, green stem, cortex and phloem fiber caps; H, green stem, parenchymatous wood; I, caudex, parenchymatous wood. Abbreviations: lf, libriform fibers; r, rays; p, parenchyma cells; fp, fiber cap; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: 50 µm.
FIG. 2 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 2. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A, B, Momordica rostrata Zimm; A, caudex, septate fibers, tangential section; B, caudex, vessels with bordered pits; C-F, Jatropha curcas L.; C, caudex, solitary vessels, wood; D, caudex, fibrous wood; E, caudex, vessels, radial section; F, caudex, thin-walled libriform fibers, parenchyma with amyloplasts,radial section; G, H, Jatropha macrantha Müll. Arg.; G, stem, diffuse fibrous wood, thin-walled libriform fibers, septate and gelatinous fibers; H, stem, axial and ray parenchyma. Abbreviations: ur, uniseriate ray; br, biseriate ray; p, parenchyma; f, fibers; sp, secondary phloem; ct, conjunctive tissue; sf, septate fibers; v, vessel; lf, libriform fibers. Scale bars: A, C-H, 50 µm; B, 10 µm.
FIG. 1 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 1. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A-C, Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.; A, stem, bicollateral bundle; B, caudex, cortex laticifers and fibrous wood; C, caudex, fibrous wood, thin-walled libriform fibers, tangential section; D-F, Ceropegia africana R. Br.; D, stem, bicollateral bundles; E, stem, extraxylary gelatinous fibers; F, caudex, conjunctive tissue, parenchyma cells are proliferated in wood; G-I, Momordica rostrata Zimm; G, stem, wood; H, caudex, wood; I, caudex, conjunctive tissue bordered by secondary phloem. Abbreviations: bc, bicollateral bundle; l, laticifer; p, parenchyma cells; gf, gelatinous fibers; ct, conjunctive tissue; pw, parenchymatous wood; fw, fibrous wood; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: 50 µm.
Data from: Insights on the evolution of plant succulence from a remarkable radiation in Madagascar (Euphorbia)
Patterns of adaptation in response to environmental variation are central to our understanding of biodiversity, but predictions of how and when broad-scale environmental conditions such as climate affect organismal form and function remain incomplete. Succulent plants have evolved in response to arid conditions repeatedly, with various plant organs such as leaves, stems, and roots physically modified to increase water storage. Here we investigate the role played by climate conditions in shaping the evolution of succulent forms in a plant clade endemic to Madagascar and the surrounding islands, part of the hyper-diverse genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae). We used multivariate ordination of 19 climate variables to identify links between particular climate variables and three major forms of succulence – succulent leaves, cactiform stem succulence, and tubers. We then tested the relationship between climatic conditions and succulence, using comparative methods that account for shared evolutionary history. We confirm that plant water storage is associated with the two components of aridity, temperature and precipitation. Cactiform stem succulence, however, is not prevalent in the driest environments, countering the widely held view of cactiforms as desert icons. Instead, leaf succulence and tubers are significantly associated with the lowest levels of precipitation. Our findings provide a clear link between broad-scale climatic conditions and adaptation in land plants, and new insights into the climatic conditions favoring different forms of succulence. This evidence for adaptation to climate raises concern over the evolutionary future of succulent plants as they, along with other organisms, face anthropogenic climate change.
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).
FIGURE 4 in Sedum danjoense (Crassulaceae), a new species of succulent plants from the Danjo Islands in Japan
FIGURE 4. Sedum formosanum (A–F) and S. tetractinum (G–L). A and G. Habitat and habit. B and H. Adaxial surface. C and I. Abaxial surface. D and J. Flower. E and K. Carpels. F and L. Branching. Scale bars are 25 mm for A and G, 5 mm for B–F and H–K [A–D. Tokunoshima island in May. Takuro Ito 3623; E. Tanegashima Island in June. Takuro Ito 3456; In December. Takuro Ito 832; G–J. Zhejiang in June. Takuro Ito 3623; K–L. In December. Takuro Ito 3623]
FIGURE 3. Sedum danjoense. A. Habitat and habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Adaxial surface. D. Abaxial surface. E. Flower. F. Sepals. G. Carpels. H. Branching. Scale bars are 25 in Sedum danjoense (Crassulaceae), a new species of succulent plants from the Danjo Islands in Japan
FIGURE 3. Sedum danjoense. A. Habitat and habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Adaxial surface. D. Abaxial surface. E. Flower. F. Sepals. G. Carpels. H. Branching. Scale bars are 25 mm for A, 5 mm for B–H [A. Wild individuals in Yorishima island photo by Yoshiro Chichibu in May 1989; B. Cultivated in Nagasaki Subtropical Botanical Garden photo by Kiyotaka Minota in Sep. 2011; C-H. Takuro Ito 3658 in Oct. 2016]
FIGURE 2 in Sedum danjoense (Crassulaceae), a new species of succulent plants from the Danjo Islands in Japan
FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequence for Eastern Asian Sedum. The topology of the maximum likelihood (ML) tree was highly compatible with the Bayesian tree. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PPs: left) and bootstrap percentages from ML analysis (BP: right) are shown (See Tables 1 and 2 for the abbreviations of localities).
FIGURE 1 in Sedum danjoense (Crassulaceae), a new species of succulent plants from the Danjo Islands in Japan
FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of Danjo Islands and the adjacent area. The blue shaded area indicates the distribution of S. formosanum (see Tables 1 and 2 for collection localities).
FIGURE 4. The Bayesian 50 in A new species of succulent plant discovered in limestone areas of Kyushu, Japan: Sedum kawaraense (Crassulaceae)
FIGURE 4. The Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on ITS sequences for Eastern Asian Sedum. The topology of the ML tree was highly compatible with the Bayesian tree. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PPs: left) and bootstrap percentages from the ML analysis (BP: right) are shown (See Table 1 for the abbreviations).
FIGURE 3 in A new species of succulent plant discovered in limestone areas of Kyushu, Japan: Sedum kawaraense (Crassulaceae)
FIGURE 3. The detailed morphology of Sedum sp. (S. kawaraense). A. Flower. B. Rosulate leaves. C. Cauline leaves. D. Young fruits. E. Mature fruit. Scale bars are 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of succulent plant discovered in limestone areas of Kyushu, Japan: Sedum kawaraense (Crassulaceae)
FIGURE 2. The native habitats and habits of Sedum sp. (S. kawaraense). A. Kawara-dake, consists of three peaks. The first of the three peaks (Ichi-no-dake) has lost its upper half due to limestone mining. B. Habitat. On shady mossy limestone around the summit. C. Rosettes. D. Flower buds. E. Flowers. F. Fruits. [Photographed on 25 July 2022 (A & B), 29 August 2021 (C), 4 May 2021 (D), 16 May 2021 (E), 12 June 2022 (F) in Kawara-dake (A, B, E & F) and Ryu-ga-hana (C & D), Kyushu.]
Data from: Flowers of a South African succulent plant predict tomorrow’s weather, synchronizing flower opening with pollinator activity
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Data from: Insights on the evolution of plant succulence from a remarkable radiation in Madagascar (Euphorbia)
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Data from: Repeated origin of three-dimensional leaf venation releases constraints on the evolution of succulence in plants
Succulent water storage is a prominent feature among plants adapted to arid zones, but we know little about how succulence evolves and how it is integrated into organs already tasked with multiple functions. Increased volume in succulent leaves, for example, may result in longer transport distances between veins and the cells that they supply, which in turn could negatively impact photosynthesis [1, 2, 3 and 4]. We quantified water storage [5] in a group of 83 closely related species to examine the evolutionary dynamics of succulence and leaf venation. In most leaves, vein density decreased with increasing succulence, resulting in significant increases in the path length of water from veins to evaporative surfaces. The most succulent leaves, however, had a distinct three-dimensional (3D) venation pattern, which evolved 11–12 times within this small lineage, likely via multiple developmental pathways. 3D venation "resets" internal leaf distances, maintaining moderate vein density in extremely succulent tissues and suggesting that the evolution of extreme succulence is constrained by the need to maintain an efficient leaf hydraulic system. The repeated evolution of 3D venation decouples leaf water storage from hydraulic path length, facilitating the evolutionary exploration of novel phenotypic space.
FIG. 4 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 4. — Transverse sections of stem and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A-C, Adenia glauca Schinz; A, caudex, conjunctive tissue; B, caudex, wood gelatinous fibers; C, caudex, parenchymatous wood; D-E, Cyphostemma juttae (Dinter & Gilg) Desc.; D, stem, multiseriate rays; E, caudex, parenchymatous wood; F, caudex wood, vasicentric enlarged axial parenchyma. Abbreviations: mr, multiseriate rays; sp, secondary phloem; ct, conjunctive tissue; p, enlarged parenchyma cells. Scale bars: 50 µm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of succulent plant discovered in limestone areas of Kyushu, Japan: Sedum kawaraense (Crassulaceae)
FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of Kawara-dake, Kyushu, Japan.
Data from: Repeated origin of three-dimensional leaf venation releases constraints on the evolution of succulence in plants
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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