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173 results for “surface flux”
Advective nitrate fluxes, sea surface chlorophyll concentrations and other physical metrics in the Santa Barbara Channel (2012-2019)
This data package includes 6 files: (1 & 2) In-situ nitrate concentrations at the surface and mixed layer depth, and collocated remotely-sensed and reanalysis quantities of satellite sea surface temperature, 15-day cumulative wind stress, satellite sea surface chlorophyll with a 5-day lag, index of offshore position of the California Current, indices for along-channel and across-channel distance, and index for day of the year. (3) An R script for generating generalized additive models (GAMs) to predict nitrate concentrations at the surface and at the mixed layer depth using the collocated data in files 1 & 2. (4) Daily maps of satellite sea surface chlorophyll concentrations (SSChl), High-frequency radar (HFR) surface currents, weather research and forecasting (WRF) model wind-derived vertical velocities, estimated nitrate concentrations at the surface and mixed layer depth, horizontal advective nitrate fluxes at the surface and vertical advective nitrate fluxes. (5) Daily time series of spatial mean SSChl, principal component amplitude of the first mode of variability in surface currents estimated using complex empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, alongshore pressure gradient, wind stress, spatial mean horizontal velocities at the western and eastern Santa Barbara Channel boundaries, spatial mean vertical velocities, spatial mean surface nitrate concentrations at the channel boundaries and across the entire channel, spatial mean mixed layer depth nitrate concentrations across the entire channel, spatial mean horizontal advective nitrate fluxes at the channel boundaries, and spatial mean vertical advective nitrate fluxes. (6) A MATLAB script for plotting examples of the daily maps and time series in files 4 & 5. These data were processed in order to investigate the impact of local nutrient delivery mechanisms on phytoplankton blooms in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, details of which are available in the study: Brokaw, R.J., D.A. Siegel, L. Washburn,
Surface alkalinity, pH (total scale) and CO2 air-sea flux of the Mediterranean Sea under different alkalinisation scenarios.
<p>Surface maps and basin mean/total of annual mean surface alkalinity, pH (total scale) and CO2 air-sea flux of the Mediterranean Sea under different alkalinisation scenarios and for underlying the baseline projection (RCP4.5).</p> <p>Details on simulations and alkalinisation strategies are given in the reference article below.</p> <p> </p> <p>Reference:</p> <p>Butenschön, M., Lovato, T., Masina, S., Caserini, S., Grosso, M., 2021. Alkalinization Scenarios in the Mediterranean Sea for Efficient Removal of Atmospheric CO2 and the Mitigation of Ocean Acidification. Front. Clim. 3. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.614537">https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.614537</a></p>
FluxDataKit v3.4.2: A comprehensive data set of ecosystem fluxes for land surface modelling
<p>The Flux data kit is an effort to expand upon the existing work by Ukkola et a. (2022) to synthesize various sources of ecosystem flux data (i.e. the PLUMBER2 data set, gathered from all major networks). We further expand upon the original data set by integrating data which was either expanded upon (temporally) or where sites were added (e.g. the integration of ICOS data).</p> <p>The effort uses the FluxnetLSM package by the above mentioned authors, as well as their general workflow. In contrast to the PLUMBER2 data set we do not apply stringent quality control, and all quality control on the availability of variables and/or their duration <em>should be done by the user</em>. Furthermore, we include both leaf area index (LAI) and Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) in the netcdf output, where PLUMBER2 only provided LAI. On all other parts the formatting and naming conventions as well as quality control specifications remain the same as in PLUMBER2. We therefore refer to Ukkola et al. (2022) for details.</p> <p><strong>Data included</strong></p> <p>The data included consists of the following files, containing different versions of the same data and site meta information.</p> <ul> <li><code>FLUXDATAKIT_LSM.tar.gz</code> file contains compressed NetCDF files compatible with the ALMA scheme for land surface modelling. </li> <li><code>FLUXDATAKIT_FLUXNET.tar.gz</code> file contains data in a CSV format according to the FLUXNET specifications.</li> <li><code>rsofun_driver_data_v3.3.rds</code> file is a compressed serialized R file containing data formatted for use with the {rsofun} R package.</li> <li><code><a href="../api/records/11370417/draft/files/fdk_site_info.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">fdk_site_info.csv</a></code> contains site meta information in tabular form</li> <li><a href="../api/records/11370417/draft/files/fdk_site_fullyearsequence.csv/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>fdk_site_fullyearsequence.csv</code></a> contains information about complete sequences of good-quality data by site (see also <a href="https://geco-bern.github.io/FluxDataKit/articles/04_data_use.html">here</a>).</li> </ul> <p><strong>Data generation</strong></p> <p>Data is generated using the FluxDataKit project. Although this project is not meant for continuous releases, and no support is provided in using this code with data provided AS IS, it might still be useful to some:</p> <p><a href="https://github.com/geco-bern/FluxDataKit">https://github.com/geco-bern/FluxDataKit</a></p> <p>The data can be further complimented using the FluxnetEO dataset, which is accessible through the package with the same name as found here:</p> <p><a href="https://github.com/geco-bern/FluxnetEO">https://github.com/geco-bern/FluxnetEO</a></p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p> <p>The flux data kit is part of the LEMONTREE project and funded by Schmidt Futures and under the umbrella of the Virtual Earth System Research Institute (VESRI).</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Ukkola, Anna M., Gab Abramowitz, and Martin G. De Kauwe. "A flux tower dataset tailored for land model evaluation." Earth System Science Data 14.2 (2022): 449-461.</li> </ul>
Daily Anomalies of the Surface Atmospheric Fluxes of the Brazilian Northeast (DASAF-BNE)
<p>This dataset contains the daily anomalies of the main atmospheric fluxes throughout the Brazilian NE region. Geographically it is framed at 42.5°W - 29.75°E/20.5°S - 1.25°N, in the time range from 1979-01-01 12:00:00 to 2017-12-31 12:00:00. The DASAF-BNE dataset with a spatial resolution of 1 degree was the basis for the calculation of the daily anomalies, they were interpolated by the bilinear method to obtain a resolution of 0.25 degrees.</p>
Global Carbon Budget 2022, surface ocean fugactiy of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux of individual Global ocean biogechemical models and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products
<p><strong>Surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux data from individual Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Models (GOBMs) and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products (data-products).</strong><br> There are three types of files: (1) one file per fCO2-product with gridded fields and regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series, (2) one file per GOBM with gridded fields, and (3) one file with the regionally-integrated time-series for the GOBMs. </p> <p><strong>Note: </strong>These provided gridded outputs from fCO2-based data-products and GOBMs are regridded datasets, without adjustments. <strong>The best estimates of the annual global ocean carbon sink, based on the native grids of data-products and GOBMs and with the adjustments described in the Global Carbon Budget 2022 (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, section C3), are available in the Global Carbon Budget 2022 spreadsheet.</strong></p> <p>The regionally-integrated time-series are as provided by the contributing groups, i.e. integrated from their native grids. In order to reproduce Figure 13 of the Global Carbon Budget 2022 paper (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022), the river flux adjustment needs to be added to the CO2 flux estimated from the data-products (North: 0.17 GtC yr-1, Tropics: 0.16 GtC yr-1, South: 0.32 GtC yr-1, see GCB 2022 paper, section 2.4.1). The sum of the regional fluxes may differ from the global estimates as reported in the GCB spreadsheet, because adjustments were applied only for global fluxes.</p> <p><strong>What is in the files?</strong></p> <p>(1) The files for the fCO2-based data-products contain the following variables (temporal resolution: monthly):</p> <p><br> fgco2_reg: Regionally integrated air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), monthly, for regions: north, tropics, south<br> fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br> sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br> area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude<br> area_reg: Total surface ocean area covered by native grid, for global, north, tropics, south</p> <p>(2) The files for the GOBMs contain the following fields, for simulation A (‘contemporary simulation’, including effects of rising CO2, climate change and variability) and simulation B (‘control simulation’, constant CO2, no climate change and variability). Temporal resolution: monthly</p> <p>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br> sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br> area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude</p> <p><br> (3) One file ‘GCB-2022_OceanModel_RegionalBreakdown_1959-2021.nc’ with the regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series for all individual GOBMs, and for simulations A and B. Temporal resolution: annual.</p> <p><br> <strong>Fair data use statement:</strong><br> The data and model output provided on this site are freely available and were furnished by individual scientists who encourage their use.<br> <strong>Citation:</strong> Please cite the Global Carbon Budget 2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022, ESSD, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022) for all data. In addition, please also cite the corresponding original reference for each dataset that has been used - see Table 4 in Global Carbon Budget 2022 for references of all the individual Global Ocean Biogeochemical Models and fCO2-based data-products. Further, for an overview of the Global Ocean Biogeochemical Model output, you may find it useful to cite Hauck et al. (2020, Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.571720).<br> <strong>Acknowledgement:</strong> Please add the following text in the acknowledgement of your paper: “We acknowledge the Global Carbon Project, which is responsible for the Global Carbon Budget and we thank the ocean modeling and fCO2-mapping groups for producing and making available their model and fCO2-product output.”<br> <strong>Co-authorship: </strong>An invitation of co-authorship to the contributing groups is encouraged if these data are the central data set of the publication.</p> <p><br> Besides the surface fCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux data that is made available open access, we make<strong> additional output</strong> from the Global Ocean Biogeochemical models (GCB-ocean) available upon request and with its own data policy. Please refer to the Global Carbon Budget website for these additional data: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/</p> <p> </p>
SeaFlux v2023: harmonised sea-air CO2 fluxes from surface pCO2 data products using a standardised approach
<p><strong>BE SURE TO DOWNLOAD 2023.02</strong></p> <p>See the additional notes for updates on the products. </p> <p>Fluxes calculated using the standardized approach:</p> <p> \(F\text{CO}_2=K_0 \cdot K_w \cdot (p\text{CO}_2^\text{sea} - p\text{CO}_2^\text{atm})\ \cdot (1 - [ice])\).</p> <p>We provide each of the components to this equation to reduce the potential for errors in fluxes due to methodological differences.</p> <p>The netCDF files contain the following data (<strong>note that only bold names have been updated in v2023</strong>): </p> <ul> <li>fgco2_all_winds_products: the sea-air CO2 flux for all spCO2 products (6) and <em>kw</em> from all wind products (5). </li> <li>fgco2_global:<strong> </strong>the globally integrated sea-air CO2 fluxes for all spCO2 products (6) and <em>kw</em> from all wind products (6)</li> <li><strong>sol:</strong> \(K_0\) is calculated using the Weiss (1974) parameterization with EN4 salinity and OISST temperatures </li> <li><strong>kw:</strong> \(k_w\) is calculated for winds with each being scaled independently to a 14-C bomb flux estimate of 16.5 cm/hr using the quadratic formulation by Wanninkhof (1992). <ul> <li>CCMPv2</li> <li>ERA5</li> <li>JRA55</li> <li>NCEP1</li> <li>NCEP2</li> </ul> </li> <li>spco2_SOCOM_unfilled<em>: </em>\(p\text{CO}_2^\text{sea}\) downloaded from various sources contains the following products: <ul> <li>CMEMS_FFNN</li> <li>CSIR_ML6</li> <li>JENA_MLS</li> <li>JMA_MLR</li> <li>MPI_SOMFFN</li> <li>NIES_FNN</li> </ul> </li> <li>spco2_filler<em>: </em>scaled version of the Landschützer et al. (2020) climatology used to fill missing regions of <em>spco2_SOCOM_unfilled</em></li> <li><strong>fco2atm: </strong>\(p\text{CO}_2^\text{atm}\) is calculated from NOAA's marine boundary layer product with ERA5 mean sea level pressure corrected for pH2O. The virial coefficient is then applied to pCO2atm</li> <li><strong>ice: </strong>\([ice]\) is the ice fraction from the OISST product</li> <li><strong>area_ocean:</strong><em> </em>the surface area of the ocean including the fractional area of the coastal regions</li> <li><strong>seafrac: </strong>the fraction of a pixel that is ocean</li> </ul> <p><strong><em>Units are listed in the metadata of each of the netCDF variables. </em></strong></p>
Surface carbon, water and energy fluxes measured by eddy covariance at 3 sites within the Alaska Peatlands Experiment and Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest
These data are simultaneous and continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes of the terrestrial landscape. These fluxes are major regulatory drivers of the boreal climate system and form key linkages and feedbacks between the land surface, the atmosphere and the oceans. At the APEX project site, within Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest, this monitoring is repeated across a chronosequence of permafrost degradation; the Black Spruce site is an area of stable permafrost with intact black spruce forest (APEX gamma site), the Thermokarst site is an active thermokarst zone with considerable tree mortality (APEX betaSW site), the Fen site is within a stable treeless fen with deep active layer depth (APEX apexcon,low, and ele sites). The main variables being monitored are the instananeous fluxes of CO2, water vapor and surface energy (shortwave, longwave and net radiation), secondary variables included photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air and soil temperatures, rainfall, snow depth, soil moisture content, wind direction and speed, and average atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and H2O through the year.
Meteorology, environment and surface flux data for grassland sites in Germany
<p>Observation and model data for locations Fendt (DE-Fen), Rottenbuch (DE-RbW) and Graswang (DE-Gwg), in conjunction with selected journal publications. These data have primarily been used for investigation of surface carbon fluxes (Net Ecosystem Exchange, Gross Primary Productivity), seasonal climatic trends and land management. </p> <p>The sites are part of TERENO, a network of observatories in Germany. The TERENO Data Portal should provide other and more up-to-date information. The time period includes the ScaleX intensive observation campaigns that took place in 2015 and 2016. The data format is NetCDF4. A Jupyter notebook is available (see Related identifiers, GitLab) with technical notes and examples. </p>
Global Carbon Budget 2023, surface ocean fugactiy of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux of individual global ocean biogechemical models and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products
<p><strong>Surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux data from individual Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Models (GOBMs) and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products (fCO2-products).</strong><br>There are three types of files: (1) one file per fCO2-product with gridded fields and regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series, (2) one file per GOBM with gridded fields, and (3) one file with the regionally-integrated time-series for the GOBMs. </p><p><strong>Note: </strong>These provided gridded outputs from fCO2-based data-products and GOBMs are regridded datasets, without adjustments. <strong>The best estimates of the annual global ocean carbon sink, based on the native grids of fCO2-products and GOBMs and with the adjustments described in the Global Carbon Budget 2023 (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023), are available in the Global Carbon Budget 2023 spreadsheet.</strong></p><p>The regionally-integrated time-series are as provided by the contributing groups, i.e. integrated from their native grids. In order to reproduce Figure 13 of the Global Carbon Budget 2023 paper (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023), the river flux adjustment needs to be added to the CO2 flux estimated from the data-products (North: 0.14 GtC yr-1, Tropics: 0.42 GtC yr-1, South: 0.09 GtC yr-1, see GCB 2023 paper, section 2.5.1). The sum of the regional fluxes may differ from the global estimates as reported in the GCB spreadsheet, because some adjustments were applied only for global fluxes.</p><p><strong>What is in the files?</strong></p><p>(1) The files for the fCO2-based data-products contain the following variables (temporal resolution: monthly):<br><br>fgco2_reg: Regionally integrated air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), monthly, for regions: north, tropics, south<br>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude<br>area_reg: Total surface ocean area covered by native grid, for global, north, tropics, south</p><p>(2) The files for the GOBMs contain the following fields, for simulation A ('contemporary simulation', including effects of rising CO2, climate change and variability) and simulation B ('control simulation', constant CO2, no climate change and variability). Temporal resolution: monthly</p><p>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude<br><br>(3) One file 'GCB-2023_OceanModel_RegionalBreakdown_1959-2022.nc' with the regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series for all individual GOBMs, and for simulations A and B. Temporal resolution: annual.</p><p><strong>Fair data use statement:</strong><br>The data and model output provided on this site are freely available and were furnished by individual scientists who encourage their use.<br><strong>Citation:</strong> Please cite the Global Carbon Budget 2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2023, ESSD, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023) for all data. In addition, please also cite the corresponding original reference for each dataset that has been used - see Table 4 in Global Carbon Budget 2023 for references of all the individual Global Ocean Biogeochemical Models and fCO2-based data-products. Further, for an overview of the Global Ocean Biogeochemical Model output, you may find it useful to cite Hauck et al. (2020, Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.571720).<br><strong>Acknowledgement:</strong> Please add the following text in the acknowledgement of your paper: "We acknowledge the Global Carbon Project, which is responsible for the Global Carbon Budget and we thank the ocean modeling and fCO2-mapping groups for producing and making available their model and fCO2-product output."<br><strong>Co-authorship: </strong>An invitation of co-authorship to the contributing groups is encouraged if these data are the central data set of the publication.</p><p>Besides the surface fCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux data that is made available open access, we make<strong> additional 3D output</strong> from the Global Ocean Biogeochemical models (GCB-ocean) available upon request and with its own data policy. Please refer to the Global Carbon Budget website for these additional data: https://globalcarbonbudgetdata.org/closed-access-requests.html</p>
Global Carbon Budget 2024, surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux of individual global ocean biogeochemical models and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products
<p><strong>v2 update: </strong></p> <ul> <li>update to data in UoEX-UEPFFNU fCO2-product</li> <li>fix of lat-lon issue in Jena-MLS fCO2-product</li> <li>minor fixes to metadata in fCO2-products</li> </ul> <p><br>The v2 data is used for the final published version of the Global Carbon Budget 2024.</p> <p>-----------------</p> <p><strong>Surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux data from individual Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Models (GOBMs) and surface ocean fCO2-based data-products (fCO2-products).</strong><br>There are three types of files: (1) one file per fCO2-product with gridded fields and regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series, (2) one file per GOBM with gridded fields, and (3) one file with the regionally-integrated time-series for the GOBMs. </p> <p><strong>Note: </strong>These provided gridded outputs from fCO2-based data-products and GOBMs are regridded datasets, without adjustments. <strong>The best estimates of the annual global ocean carbon sink, based on the native grids of fCO2-products and GOBMs and with the adjustments described in the Global Carbon Budget 2024 (https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2024-519), are available in the Global Carbon Budget 2024 spreadsheet.</strong></p> <p>The regionally-integrated time-series are as provided by the contributing groups, i.e. integrated from their native grids. In order to reproduce Figure 14 of the Global Carbon Budget 2024 paper (https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2024-519), the river flux adjustment needs to be added to the CO2 flux estimated from the fCO2-products (North: 0.14 GtC yr-1, Tropics: 0.42 GtC yr-1, South: 0.09 GtC yr-1, see GCB 2024 paper). The sum of the regional fluxes may differ from the global estimates as reported in the GCB spreadsheet, because some adjustments were applied only for global fluxes.</p> <p><strong>What is in the files?</strong></p> <p>(1) The files for the fCO2-based data-products contain the following variables (temporal resolution: monthly):<br><br>fgco2_reg: Regionally integrated air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), monthly, for regions: global, north, tropics, south<br>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude<br>area_reg: Total surface ocean area covered by native grid, for global, north, tropics, south</p> <p>(2) The files for the GOBMs contain the following fields, for simulation A ('contemporary simulation', including effects of rising CO2, climate change and variability) and simulation B ('control simulation', constant CO2, no climate change and variability). Temporal resolution: monthly</p> <p>fgco2: Flux density of the total air-sea CO2 flux (positive downward), dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>sfco2: Surface ocean fCO2, dimensions: time, latitude, longitude<br>area: Area per pixel, dimensions: latitude, longitude</p> <p>(3) One file 'GCB-2024_OceanModel_RegionalBreakdown_1959-2023.nc' with the regionally-integrated CO2 flux time-series for all individual GOBMs, and for simulations A and B. Regions: North, tropics, south. Temporal resolution: annual.</p> <p><strong>Fair data use statement:</strong><br>The data and model output provided on this site are freely available and were furnished by individual scientists who encourage their use.<br><strong>Citation:</strong> Please cite the Global Carbon Budget 2024 (Friedlingstein et al., 2024, ESSD, https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2024-519) for all data. In addition, please also cite the corresponding original reference for each dataset that has been used - see Table 4 in Global Carbon Budget 2024 for references of all the individual Global Ocean Biogeochemical Models and fCO2-based data-products. Further, for an overview of the Global Ocean Biogeochemical Model output, you may find it useful to cite Hauck et al. (2020, Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.571720).</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgement:</strong> Please add the following text in the acknowledgement of your paper: "We acknowledge the Global Carbon Project, which is responsible for the Global Carbon Budget and we thank the ocean modeling and fCO2-mapping groups for producing and making available their model and fCO2-product output."<br><strong>Co-authorship: </strong>An invitation of co-authorship to the contributing groups is encouraged if these data are the central data set of the publication.</p> <p>Besides the surface fCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux data that is made available open access, we make<strong> additional 3D output</strong> from the Global Ocean Biogeochemical models (GCB-ocean) available upon request and with its own data policy. Please refer to the Global Carbon Budget website for these additional data: https://globalcarbonbudgetdata.org/closed-access-requests.html</p>
The microclimate, surface energy flux and human skin burn risks of artificial turf as compared to natural turf
<p>This dataset contains the measured hourly mean microclimate and surface energy flux data from a field experiment. The experiment consisted of three treatments: unirrigated artificial turf, unirrigated natural turf, and irrigated natural turf (4 mm/day, 13:00-13:23 local time). The experiment was conducted from 2024-01-28 to 2024-03-18 in Burnley, Melbourne, Australia.<br><br>For each treatment, the measured hourly mean data included albedo, soil moisture content, air temperature, vapour pressure of water, wind speed, black globe temperature, mean radiant temperature, universal theraml climate index, wet-bulb globe temperature, soil temperature, turf surface temperature, incoming and outgoing longwave and shortwave radiant fluxes, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground heat flux. <br><br>Turf surface temperature, and incoming and outgoing longwave and shortwave radiant fluxes were measured at 1.5 m above ground surface.<br>Air temperature and vapour pressure of water were measured at 0.6 and 1.1 m above ground surface.<br>Wind speed, black globe temperature, mean radiant temperature, universal thermal climate index, and wet-bulb globe temperature were measured at 1.1 m above ground surface.<br>Soil moisture content, soil temperature and ground heat flux were measured at 0.1 m below ground surface.<br>Sensible heat flux and latent heat flux were calculated using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method.<br><br>Additionally, the hourly mean background weather conditions (air temperature and cloud amount) from the nearest public climate station in the study period were included in 'ReferenceClimateStation.csv'. Hourly total rainfall data measured at the study site was also included. <br><br>The aims of this study was to:<br>1. Compare the microclimate and human heat stress among the three treatments.<br>2. Assess and compare the human skin burn risks of the three treaments from their turf surface temperatures.<br>3. Analyse the surface energy fluxes of the three treatments to identify the mechanisms by which artificial turf develops any microclimate, human heat stress and turf surface temperature differences.<br><br>This study was published in:</p> <p><span>Cheung, P. K., & Livesley, S. J. (2025). The microclimate, surface energy flux and human skin burn risks of artificial turf as compared to natural turf. <em>Building and Environment</em>, 112679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112679<br></span><br>Contact person: Dr Paul Cheung (cheung.p@unimelb.edu.au)</p>
Remote Sensing based Sea Surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) in the East China Sea (2003-2019)
<p>Based on <em>in situ</em> seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> data collected on 51 cruises/legs over the past two decades, a satellite retrieval algorithm for seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> was developed by combining the semi-mechanistic algorithm and machine learning method (MeSAA-ML). MeSAA-ML introduces semi-analytical parameters, including the temperature-dependent seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> (<em>p</em>CO<sub>2,therm</sub> ) and upwelling index (<em>UI<sub>SST</sub></em>), to characterise the combined effect of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> forcing, thermodynamic effects, and multiple mixing processes on seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>. Additionally, considering the biological effects and various sub-regional features, multiple ocean colour parameters were also used as inputs in XGBoost, the best-selected machine learning algorithm. Independent cruise-based data were used to validate the satellite-derived <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>, which achieved excellent performance in this complicated marginal sea, with low root mean square error (RMSE=19.6 μatm) and mean absolute percentage deviation (APD=4.12%). Air-sea CO2 fluxes are calculated based on retrieved seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>. </p>
Remote Sensing based Sea Surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) in the South China Sea (2003-2019)
<p>The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the largest marginal seas worldwide. It includes a river-dominated, highly productive marginal sea on the north shelf and a wide, oligotrophic ocean-dominated basin with various dynamic sub-regions. Based on an <em>in situ</em> seawater partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (<em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>) datasets of 44 cruises/legs collected for the last two decades in the SCS, we proposed a seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> retrieval algorithm by combining the semi-mechanistic and machine learning (ML) methods (MeSAA-ML). The parameter selection strategy was based on the mechanistic analysis of <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> variation, separating impacts of thermodynamics, biological activities, water mixing, and the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> forcing. We set a few semi-analytical parameters: <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub><sub>_<em>therm</em></sub>, which was a proxy for the combined effect of thermodynamics and the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> forcing on seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>; an upwelling index (UI<em><sub>SST</sub></em>) and mixing layer depth (MLD) to characterize the multiple mixing processes; chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) with remote sensing reflectance at 443 and 555 nm (Rrs(443) and Rrs(555)), which were the inputs to proxy the biological effect and other characteristics for distinguishing shelf, basin, and sub-regions. As the seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2 </sub>and atmospheric <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> ( <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>air</sup>) have similar data values and characteristics in the vast SCS oligotrophic basin, it will cause instability of the model if one is input and the other is output; thus the difference between them (<em>Δp</em>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>sea-air</sup>) was set as the output, and the seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> was obtained finally by summing <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>air </sup>and <em>Δp</em>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>sea-air</sup>. We compared several ML models, and the XGBoost model was confirmed as the best model. Completely independent cruise-based and observed datasets from Southeastern Asia Time-series Study (SEATS) were used to validate the satellite products, with low root mean square error (RMSE = 11.69 μatm) and mean absolute percentage deviation (APD = 1.59%). The increasing trend of satellite-derived <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> (2.44 ± 0.24 μatm/yr) at the location of SEATS was found to be consistent with observed data. We presented that the SCS as a whole is a source of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, releasing an average of 11.00 ± 2.45 Tg C/yr from a total area of 3.32 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2,</sup> and the northern shelf is a sink (1.69 ± 0.53 Tg C/yr). The area-integrated CO<sub>2</sub> efflux over the entire SCS may decrease with a rate of 0.34 Tg C/yr during 2003–2019. This high-accuracy dataset with 1 km resolution provides a refined understanding of the air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchange dynamics in the SCS during 2003–2019.</p>
Remote Sensing based Sea Surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) in the East China Sea (2003-2019)
<p>Based on <em>in situ</em> seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> data collected on 51 cruises/legs over the past two decades, a satellite retrieval algorithm for seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> was developed by combining the semi-mechanistic algorithm and machine learning method (MeSAA-ML). MeSAA-ML introduces semi-analytical parameters, including the temperature-dependent seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> (<em>p</em>CO<sub>2,therm</sub> ) and upwelling index (<em>UI<sub>SST</sub></em>), to characterise the combined effect of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> forcing, thermodynamic effects, and multiple mixing processes on seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>. Additionally, considering the biological effects and various sub-regional features, multiple ocean colour parameters were also used as inputs in XGBoost, the best-selected machine learning algorithm. Independent cruise-based data were used to validate the satellite-derived <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>, which achieved excellent performance in this complicated marginal sea, with low root mean square error (RMSE=19.6 μatm) and mean absolute percentage deviation (APD=4.12%). Air-sea CO2 fluxes are calculated based on retrieved seawater <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub>. </p>
Intercomparison data for ARM near-surface turbulent fluxes at Fermilab and SGP
<p>FERMI_ECORSF.csv provides the ARM ECORSF prototype data while deployed at US-IB2</p> <p>Ref-EC-b1-[SITE #].xlsm provide the roving portable eddy covariance system data deployed at [SITE #]</p> <p> </p>
Data supporting "A comprehensive analysis of air-sea CO2 flux uncertainties constructed from surface ocean data products"
<p>Changelog</p> <p>v2: Fixes an identified issue in FluxEngine v4.0.7 that affects the calculation of fCO2atm. Fluxes have been recalculated using FluxEngine v4.0.9.1, and the analysis regenerated. The intergrated air-sea CO2 flux (or ocean sink) has reduced by ~0.2-0.3Pg C yr-1 but uncertainties are unchanged. </p> <p>v1: Initial dataset released along with the supporting manuscript</p> <p> </p> <p>Data included in this repository supports the manuscript "A comprehensive analysis of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux uncertainties constructed from surface ocean data products".</p> <p>Two files are present:</p> <ol> <li>A Python config file used to run the software developed for the analysis (Ford et al., 2024)</li> <li>A ZIP file containing the input, neural network, and output files for the analysis.</li> </ol> <p>Within the ZIP file, multiple folders are present:</p> <ol> <li>Decorrelation contains .csv files that contain the annual estimates of the decorrelation lengths for the parameters requiring these (SST, sea ice, wind, fCO<sub>2</sub> and fCO<sub>2</sub> network).</li> <li>Flux contains the individual FluxEngine output files that provide all the flux calculations, and auxillary data to the flux calculations.</li> <li>Fluxengine_input contains the input files to FluxEngine, which specifies the fCO<sub>2 (sw), </sub>xCO<sub>2 (atm)</sub> and the temperature, salinities for the skin and subskin layers.</li> <li>Inputs contains all the monthly 1 degree input data used. Many of the data used are not native monthly 1 deg, and so these are generated from the higher resolution data. These are all combined into the neural_network_input.nc file, so a single file can be distributed with all the inputs used.</li> <li>Networks contains the TensorFlow neural network (FNN) files, where each province has 10 folders (one for each ensemble).</li> <li>Plots contains output plots for debugging and final plots of uncertainties</li> <li>Scalars contains the scalars used to normalise the data before input into the neural network. These are saved as Python pickle files, as they are needed if the neural network is used on other data.</li> <li>Unc_lut contains the look up tables to generate the parameter uncertainty as described in the manuscript. These are Python pickle files.</li> <li>Validation contains a csv file with the independent test RMSD, along with Python Pickle files of the validation data.</li> </ol> <p>In the main folder, three files are present:</p> <ol> <li>Annual_flux.csv contains the annual air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux (or ocean sink estimate) estimated from the fCO<sub>2 (sw)</sub> fields. This also contains the annual integrated uncertainties for each component in the uncertainty flow chart in the manuscript.</li> <li>Output.nc contrains the gridded global fields of the fCO<sub>2 (sw)</sub>, the air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux, and the uncertainties for all the individual components. Metadata within the file should provide all the information required.</li> <li>Training.tsv contains the training/validation data alongside the input parameters for neural network training</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>Please contact Daniel J. Ford (<a href="mailto:d.ford@exeter.ac.uk">d.ford@exeter.ac.uk</a>) if you have any questions.</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p> <p>This work was funded by the Convex Seascape Survey (https://convexseascapesurvey.com/) and the European Union under grant agreement no. 101083922 (OceanICU; https://ocean-icu.eu/) and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government’s Horizon Europe funding guarantee [grant number 10054454, 10063673, 10064020, 10059241, 10079684, 10059012, 10048179]. The views, opinions and practices used to produce this dataset/software are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Research Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.</p> <p>The Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas (SOCAT) is an international effort, endorsed by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) and the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) program, to deliver a uniformly quality-controlled surface ocean CO₂ database. The many researchers and funding agencies responsible for the collection of data and quality control are thanked for their contributions to SOCAT.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Ford, D. J., Blannin, J., Watts, J., Watson, A. J., Landschutzer, P., Jersild, A., & Shutler, J. D. (2024, June 30). OceanICU Neural Network Framework with per pixel uncertainty propagation (v1.1) (Version v1.1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.12597803</p>
Machine learning the quantum flux-flux correlation function for catalytic surface reactions
<p>This dataset contains information on each of the 14 reactions used in the paper, the geometries for these reactions, the product of the quantum reaction rate constant and canonical reactant partition function and the flux-flux correlation function time series values for each reaction-temperature combination.</p> <p><strong>reaction_details.csv</strong></p> <p>This is a .csv file containing additional details on the reactions used in this paper. Each row contains one reaction/temperature combination, of which there are 55.</p> <p> </p> <p>Column descriptions:</p> <ul> <li>reaction_number: Reaction identifier number used in this work</li> <li>reaction: The chemical reaction equation</li> <li>metal_surface: atomic symbol of metal surface</li> <li>facet_number: Miller indices of surface</li> <li>reactants: Python dictionary object of reactants and their quantities</li> <li>products: Python dictionary object of products and their quantities</li> <li>reaction_energy [eV]: reaction energy in electron-volts</li> <li>activation_energy [eV]: activation energy of reaction in electron-volts</li> <li>temperature [K]: The randomly assigned temperature a calculation was run for</li> <li>kQ_Cff [1/au]: The calculated integrated reaction rate product at corresponding temperature {1,2,3,4} in units 1/(au time).</li> <li>reaction_split: Train/test placement of that reaction/temperature combination for reaction split</li> <li>temperature_split:<strong> </strong>Trian/test placement of that reaction/temperature combination for temperature split</li> <li>catalysishub_reactionID: Catalysis Hub reaction ID identifier for referencing catalysis hub database</li> <li>doi:<strong> </strong>digital object identifier of original publication for which DFT calculations were performed</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Flux_flux_correlation_functions:</strong></p> <p>Directory containing flux-flux correlation function time series values for each reaction temperature combination. Values are organized in subdirectories, one for each of the 14 reaction. In each subdirectory .csv files are labeled by reaction number and temperature in Kelvin. Each csv file contains a column with time points [au of time] and the corresponding flux-flux correlation function value in units [1/(au of time)<sup>2</sup>].</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Geometries:</strong></p> <p>Directory containing geometry files for each reaction. Geometries of reactants on the surface were shifted respect to those supplied by catalysis hub to create continuous reaction pathways where necessary. Geometry files are organized in subdirectories for each reaction. When complete nudged elastic band (NEB) minimum energy paths (MEP) were not available ,subdirectories contain a products.xyz, reactants.xyz, and TSstar.xyz file (reactions 1 to 11) otherwise the complete set of NEB MEP images labeled neb{n}.xyz is given (reactions 12, 13, 14).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data of Water Vapor Flux-Profile Relationship in the Stable Boundary Layer over the Sea Surface
<p>data and code for paper 'Water Vapor Flux-Profile Relationship in the Stable Boundary Layer over the Sea Surface'</p>
Surface Sedimentary Black Carbon Concentrations, Fluxes, and Stable and Radiocarbon Isotopes in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Surface sediments (0-1 cm) obtained from equatorial Atlantic Ocean isolated for black carbon using the chemothermal oxidation at 375 method. Multicores were taken during aboard the R.V. Endeavor (EN651) from February 27th 2020 through March 17th 2020 using a MC-800.</p> <p><strong>Core collection</strong></p> <p>MC-800 tubes were labeled (EN651-“Site number”-MC”coring attempt number”“letter of core”,ex: EN651-01-MC01a) and photographed before sectioning. The water on top of the core was syphoned off and a thin piece of stainless-steel sheet was slid under the foot of the tube. The foot was bent up and the stainless-steel sheet was used to transfer the core to the core extruder. Cores were sectioned at 1 cm intervals down to 10 cm, then 2 cm intervals down to 20 cm, using the piece of stainless-steel and a cake spatula to cut them. The remainder of the core was wrapped in combusted aluminum foil and placed in a zip-lock bag for storage. Sections of cores were stored in amber glass jars placed in a freezer. One core was transferred with the extruder to a PVC tube and capped for archival storage. If 5 or more cores were recovered, 0.5 cm sections would be taken down to 10 cm and the remainder of the core wrapped in foil and zip-lock bagged before being frozen. Due to a limited supply of jars, the 0.5 cm core sections were wrapped in combusted aluminum foil and placed in a ziplock bag before being stored with other samples. All cores and core sections were stored at -20 ̊C.</p> <p><strong>Analytical methods</strong><br>Surface sediment samples (0 – 1 cm) were dried at 60 ˚C until dry and passed through a 420 µm sieve before analysis. Total organic carbon samples were weighed into silver capsules (Elemental microanalysis silver capsules ultra-clean pressed 8 x 5 mm, D2030), acidified to remove inorganic carbon (2 M HCl), and folded into tin capsules (Costech tin capsules 10 x 10 mm, 041073). Black carbon was isolated using the CTO 375 method 34. 100 mg of samples where weighed out into ceramic crucibles and spread into a thin layer prevent charring. Sample were combusted at 375 ˚C for 24 hrs. under the flow of ultra high purity air (0.4 L min<sup>-1</sup>). The remaining sediment was transferred to GC vials for storage, then processed the same as the TOC samples to remove any inorganic carbon present (as detailed above).</p> <p><strong>Sampling equipment</strong></p> <p>Sediment cores were collected using an MC-800</p> <p><strong>Analytical instrumentation</strong></p> <p> An Elemental Analyzer (Costech 4010 Elemental Analyzer) was used for quantification of the BC and TOC fractions. The same elemental analyzer coupled to an Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Delta V Advantage) was used for the sample carbon isotopes. Radiocarbon isotopes were measured at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass spectrometry.</p> <p><strong>Parameter names, descriptions, units</strong></p> <p>Name, "Name of the sediment core from which the top 1 cm was sectioned"<br>Collection Date, "Date the multicore was collected, month/day/year<br>Lat, "Latitude of sampling site", decimal degrees<br>Lon, "Longitude of sampling site", decimal degrees<br>Depth, "Water depth of sample site", meters (m)<br>MAR, "Mass accumulation rate", grams per square centimeters per thousand years (g cm<sup>-2</sup> kyr<sup>-1</sup>), blank = no data<br>TOC, "Total organic carbon concentration", milligrams per gram dry weight (mg g<sup>-1</sup>)<br>TOC d13C, "Total organic carbon δ<sup>13</sup>C value", per mill (‰)<br>TOC D14C, "∆<sup>14</sup>C value of TOC calibrated for a reservoir age of 550 years", per mill (‰), blank = no data<br>BC, "Black carbon concentration", milligrams per gram dry weight (mg g<sup>-1</sup>)<br>BC sd, "Black carbon concentration standard deviation", milligrams per gram dry weight (mg g<sup>-1</sup>)<br>BC d13C, "Black carbon delta <sup>13</sup>C value", per mill (‰), NA<br>BC D14C, "∆<sup>14</sup>C value of the BC", per mill (‰), blank = no data<br>BC flux, "Flux of black carbon to sediments", milligrams per square centimeters per thousand years (mg cm<sup>2</sup> kyr<sup>-1</sup>), blank = no data<br>BC flux sd, "The standard devation of the flux of black carbon to sediments", milligrams per square centimeters per thousand years (mg cm<sup>2</sup> kyr<sup>-1</sup>), blank = no data</p>
Supplementary materials for the manuscript "Revisiting the Contributions of Surface Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes to Tropical Cyclones"
<p>A subset of outputs of the STD, CTL, SH+LH-_OUT and SH-LH+_OUT experiments in "Revisiting the Contributions of Surface Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes to Tropical Cyclones".</p>
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.