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768 results for “sympatric species”
Microsatellite genotypes for «Genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure support the specialist‑generalist variation hypothesis in two sympatric woodpecker species»
<p>Species are often arranged along a continuum from “specialists” to “generalists”. Specialists typically use fewer resources, occur in more patchily distributed habitats and have overall smaller population sizes than generalists. Accordingly, the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (SGVH) proposes that populations of habitat specialists have lower genetic diversity and are genetically more differentiated due to reduced gene flow compared to populations of generalists. Here, expectations of the SGVH were tested by examining genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure and contemporary gene flow in two sympatric woodpecker species differing in habitat specialization. Compared to the generalist great spotted woodpecker (<em>Dendrocopos major</em>), lower genetic diversity was found in the specialist middle spotted woodpecker (<em>Dendrocoptes medius</em>). Evidence for recent bottlenecks was revealed in some populations of the middle spotted woodpecker, but in none of the great spotted woodpecker. Substantial spatial genetic structure and a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances were found in the middle spotted woodpecker, but only weak spatial genetic structure and no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances in the great spotted woodpecker. Finally, estimated levels of contemporary gene flow did not differ between the two species. Results are consistent with all but one expectations of the SGVH. This study adds to the relatively few investigations addressing the SGVH in terrestrial vertebrates.</p>
Fig. 2 in Discrimination of habitat use between two sympatric species of mullets, Mugil curema and Mugil liza (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) in the rio Tramandaí Estuary, determined by otolith chemistry
Fig. 2. Means and standard deviations (SD) of (a) Sr86:Ca43 (mmol.mol-1); and (b) Ba137:Ca43 ratio (µmol.mol-1) in otoliths of the inner 20 measurements (core) and the outer 20 measurements (edge) of Mugil curema and M. liza caught in the Tramandaí River Estuary, Brazil. Different letters within a spruce stand denote significant differences between species (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05).
Fig. 4 in Discrimination of habitat use between two sympatric species of mullets, Mugil curema and Mugil liza (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) in the rio Tramandaí Estuary, determined by otolith chemistry
Fig. 4. Otolith transects of Mugil liza measured by LA-ICP-MS from the core to the edge. Ba137:Ca43 (line) and Sr86:Ca43 (dashed line). The identification code and total length (mm) of each fish are indicated on the graph.
Fig. 3 in Discrimination of habitat use between two sympatric species of mullets, Mugil curema and Mugil liza (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) in the rio Tramandaí Estuary, determined by otolith chemistry
Fig. 3. Otolithtransectsof Mugilcurema measuredbyLA-ICP-MSfromthecoretotheedge. 43 (line) 86 43 (dashedline). Theidentificationcodeand totallength (mm) ofeachfishareindicatedonthegraph.
FIGURES 1 2 in A sympatric species pair: Spogostylum ocyale (Wiedemann, 1828) and S. griseipenne Macquart, 1850 (Diptera: Bombyliidae)
FIGURES 1 2. Wings of Spogostylum species. 1. S. ocyale (Wiedemann). 2. S. griseipenne (Macquart).
FIGURE 3 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)
FIGURE 3. Tethya brasiliana sp. nov. A, preserved holotype (UFRJPOR 4670 A); B and C, architecture of the ectosome and choanosome; D, strongyloxea; E, spherasters and strongylasters; F, microspheraster; G, strongylaster and microoxyaster; H, microoxyaster. B – D, LM; E – H, SEM.
FIGURE 2 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)
FIGURE 2. In situ closeups of three species of Tethya from Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil. A, B, Tethya brasiliana sp. nov. (paratypes); C, Tethya ignis sp. nov. (holotype); D, Tethya rubra sp. nov. (holotype).
FIGURE 6 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)
FIGURE 6. Tethya rubra sp. nov. A, preserved holotype (MNRJ 5316); B, architecture of the ectosome and choanosome; C, strongyloxea; D, E, spherasters; F, oxyaster; G, oxyaster and tylasters; H, tylaster. B – C, LM; D – H, SEM.
FIGURE 4 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)
FIGURE 4. Tethya cyanae sp. nov. A, preserved holotype (MNRJ 6723); B, architecture of the ectosome and choanosome; C, strongyloxea; D, spheraster; E, spheraster and tylaster; F, oxyaster and tylaster; G, tylaster; H, microoxyaster and tylasters. B – C, LM; D – H, SEM.
FIGURE 5 in Four new sympatric species of Tethya (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from Abrolhos Archipelago (Bahia State, Brazil)
FIGURE 5. Tethya ignis sp. nov. A, preserved holotype (MNRJ 5322 A); B, architecture of the ectosome and choanosome; C, strongyloxea; D, spheraster; E, oxyaster and tylaster; F, oxyaster. B – C, LM; D – F, SEM.
Fig. 3 in Two new sympatric species of Songius from Mount Fanjing, Southwest China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Fig. 3. Distribution and collecting environment of Songius. A – Map showing the distribution of five Songius species in China. B, C – General environment (A) and habitat (B) of S. brevisetus sp. nov. and S. hubenqii sp. nov. of Mount Fanjing, Guizhou, SW China.
Fig. 2 in Two new sympatric species of Songius from Mount Fanjing, Southwest China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Fig. 2.Songius hubenqii sp. nov., male (A–H) and female (I). A – dorsal habitus; B – head and pronotum; C – protrochanter; D – mesotrochanter and mesofemur; E – metatrochanter; F – sternite 7 (IX); G, H – aedeagus, dorsal (G), and ventral (H); I – genital complex. Scale bars: 0.5 mm in A, B; 0.2 mm in C, E, G, H; 0.3 mm in D; 0.1 mm in F. I.
Fig. 1 in Two new sympatric species of Songius from Mount Fanjing, Southwest China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Fig. 1. Songius brevisetus sp. nov., male (A–H) and female (I). A – dorsal habitus; B – head and pronotum; C – protrochanter; D – mesotrochanter and mesofemur; E – metacoxa and metatrochanter; F – sternite 7 (IX); G, H – aedeagus, dorsal (G), and ventral (H); I – genital complex. Scale bars: 0.5 mm in A, B; 0.2 mm in C, E, G, H; 0.3 mm in D; 0.1 mm in F. I.
Selection shapes the genomic landscape of introgressed ancestry in a pair of sympatric sea urchin species
<p>A growing number of recent studies have demonstrated that introgression is common across the tree of life. However, we still have a limited understanding of the fate and fitness consequence of introgressed variation at the whole-genome scale across diverse taxonomic groups. Here, we implemented a phylogenetic hidden Markov model to identify and characterize introgressed genomic regions in a pair of well-diverged, non-sister sea urchin species: <em>Strongylocentrotus</em> <em>pallidus</em> and <em>S. droebachiensis</em>. Despite the old age of introgression, a sizable fraction of the genome (1% - 5%) exhibited introgressed ancestry, including numerous genes showing signals of historical positive selection that may represent cases of adaptive introgression. One striking result was the overrepresentation of hyalin genes in the identified introgressed regions despite observing considerable overall evidence of selection against introgression. There was a negative correlation between introgression and chromosome gene density, and two chromosomes were observed with considerably reduced introgression. Relative to the non-introgressed genome-wide background, introgressed regions had significantly reduced nucleotide divergence (<em>d</em><sub>XY</sub>) and overlapped fewer protein-coding genes, coding bases, and genes with a history of positive selection. Additionally, genes residing within introgressed regions showed slower rates of evolution (<em>d</em><sub>N</sub>, <em>d</em><sub>S</sub>, <em>d</em><sub>N</sub>/<em>d</em><sub>S</sub>) than random samples of genes without introgressed ancestry. Overall, our findings are consistent with widespread selection against introgressed ancestry across the genome and suggest that slowly evolving, low-divergence genomic regions are more likely to move between species and avoid negative selection following hybridization and introgression.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Evidence for dynamic resource partitioning between two sympatric reef shark species within the British Indian Ocean Territory
FIGURE 2 (a) Maximum likelihood standard ellipse areas (, 40% of the data) for isotopes δ13C v. δ15N in fin, (b) muscle, (c) red blood cell, (d) plasma and for isotope δ34S v. δ15C (e) and δ15N (f) of Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos () and Carcharhinus albimarginatus (). Convex hulls () are drawn between the centers of each group. Overlapping values, if present, are the proportion of overlapping area of the two ellipses. Potential competitor–prey teleost data are shown () with associated error bars (± 1 SD). Ellipses for red blood cell and plasma presented for reference but represent small sample sizes (<10) and therefore come with lower confidence
FIGURE 1 in Evidence for dynamic resource partitioning between two sympatric reef shark species within the British Indian Ocean Territory
FIGURE 1 Bayesian isotope mixing models were used to determine the extent that Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos and Carcharhinus albimarginatus were reliant on reef (blue) or pelagic (red) resources. End members were set as the most δ13C depleted (pelagic) and most δ13C enriched (reef) of the teleosts sampled (trevally (Carangidae) for reef, tuna (Scombridae) for pelagic). Posterior probability distributions indicate model predictions of reliance on a given source with higher values indicating greater reliance
Fig. 12 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil
Fig. 12. Apostolepis dimidiata (Jan, 1862), putative sister-species of Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, adult specimen from Estação Ecológica Santa Bárbara, São Paulo, Brazil. Photograph credit: Giordano Rossi.
Fig. 11 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil
Fig. 11. Lateral (A, E), medial (B, F), dorsal (C, G), and ventral (D, H) views of the lower jaw based on μCT imagery. A–D. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, holotype (MCP 8355). E–H. A. cerradoensis Lema, 2003, holotype (MCP 15219). Different skull elements are digitally colored to improve visualization. Abbreviations: AN = angular; CP = compound bone; D = dentary; DPD = dorsal process of dentary; PCR = prearticular crest of compound bone; RP = retroarticular process of compound bone; SAC = surangular crest of compound bone; SP = splenial; VDP = ventral process of dentary.
Fig. 10 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil
Fig. 10. Anterior (A, C) and posterior (B, D) views of the skull and lower jaw based on μCT imagery. A–B. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, holotype (MCP 8355). C–D. A. cerradoensis Lema, 2003, holotype (MCP 15219). Different skull elements are digitally colored to improve visualization. Abbreviations: AN = angular; BO = basioccipital; BS = basisphenoid; CP = compound bone; D = dentary; EXO = exoccipital; F = frontal; MX = maxilla; NA = nasal; P = parietal; PAL = palatine; PFR = prefrontal; PMX = premaxilla; PRO = prootic; PT = pterygoid; Q = quadrate; SMX = septomaxilla; SO = supraoccipital; SP = splenial; ST = supratemporal.
Fig. 9 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil
Fig. 9. Dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and ventral (C, F) views of the skull based on μCT imagery. A–C. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, holotype (MCP 8355). D–F. A. cerradoensis Lema, 2003, holotype (MCP 15219). Different skull elements are digitally colored and the mandible is removed for better visualization. Abbreviations: BO = basioccipital; BS = basisphenoid; ECP = ectopterygoid; EXO = exoccipital; F = frontal; MX = maxilla; NA = nasal; P = parietal; PAL = palatine; PFR = prefrontal; PMX = premaxilla; PRO = prootic; PT = pterygoid; Q = quadrate; SMX = septomaxilla; SO = supraoccipital; ST = supratemporal; V = vomer.
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OpenNeuro
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