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115 results for “sympatry”
Predator-based selection and the impact of edge sympatry on components of coral snake mimicry
<p>Mimicry is a vivid example of how predator-driven selection can impact phenotypic diversity, which itself can be influenced by the presence (sympatry) or absence (allopatry) of a dangerous model. However, the impact of sympatry and allopatry on predation on mimicry systems at fine spatial scales (e.g., edge sympatry, allopatry) is not well understood. We used a clay model study in a montane tropical site in Honduras to test the impact of edge sympatry on 1) overall attack rates, 2) the fitness benefit of mimetic coloration, 3) predation on specific mimetic signal components, and 4) temporal variation in predator-based selection on mimicry components. Unlike previous research, we found that mimetic phenotypes received significantly more attacks than cryptic replicas in edge sympatry, suggesting that mimetic phenotypes might not confer a fitness benefit in areas of edge sympatry. Additionally, we documented temporal variation in predator-based selection, as the impacts of allopatry on predatory attacks varied among years. Our results imply that the effect of sympatry and allopatry on predator-based selection in mimicry systems may be more complex than previously thought for species-rich assemblies of coral snakes and their mimics in the montane tropics.</p>
Data from: Andriollo T., Ruedi M. (2018). Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland. Revue suisse de Zoologie 125(1)
<p><strong>Supporting data for:</strong> Andriollo T., Ruedi M. (2018). Novel molecular tools to identify <em>Plecotus</em> bats in sympatry. Revue suisse de Zoologie 125(1): 61-72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1196013</p>
Fig. 3 in Differential patterns of definitive host use by two fish acanthocephalans occurring in sympatry: Pomphorhynchus laevis and Pomphorhynchus tereticollis
Fig. 3. Relative flow rates of P. tereticollis and P. laevis in their hosts in the Ouche (a) and Vingeanne (b) localities, taking into account the abundance of adult intestinal parasites and the relative abundance of each fish host species in the local community. The thickness of arrows and percentages indicate the estimated relative value of each fish species as a resource for each Pomphorhynchus species.
Fig. 6 in Differential patterns of definitive host use by two fish acanthocephalans occurring in sympatry: Pomphorhynchus laevis and Pomphorhynchus tereticollis
Fig. 6. Reproductive parameters of P. laevis and P. tereticollis: (a) testes volume as a function of adult worm size, according to parasite species and fish host; (b) number of ovarian balls according to parasite species and fish host; (c, d) number of eggs as a function of female size according to parasite species, in barbel (c) and chub (d).
Fig. 1 in Differential patterns of definitive host use by two fish acanthocephalans occurring in sympatry: Pomphorhynchus laevis and Pomphorhynchus tereticollis
Fig. 1. Percentage of P. laevis (plain bars) and P. tereticollis (striped bars) among Pomphorhynchus parasites collected from amphipod intermediate hosts in the benthos, and from the fish definitive hosts, either in the intestine or collected as extraintestinal cystacanths, in (a) the Ouche and (b) Vingeanne localities. The proportion of P. laevis and P. tereticollis in each fish species was compared to their proportion in intermediate gammarid hosts using Fisher exact test (P-values given after correction for multiple test: ***: P <0.001; **: P <0.01; *: P <0.05; ns: not significant). Letters above bars refer to post-hoc comparison between fish species (Tukey HSD). Numbers below bars are sample sizes (number of parasites). Bentho-pelagic fish species are abbreviated in italics, benthic species in standard font. Species abbreviations: Barbus barbus, Bbs; Gobio gobio, Gg; Squalius cephalus, Sc; Telestes souffia, Ts; Chondrostoma nasus, Cn; Rutilus rutilus, Rr; Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Se; Leuciscus leuciscus, Ll; Phoxinus phoxinus, Pp; Barbatula barbatula, Bba; Ameiurus melas, Am; Perca fluviatilis, Pf; Cottus gobio, Cg; Gasterosteus aculeatus, Ga.
Fig. 2 in Differential patterns of definitive host use by two fish acanthocephalans occurring in sympatry: Pomphorhynchus laevis and Pomphorhynchus tereticollis
Fig. 2. Relationship between fish biomass (g.100m-2) and P. laevis (a) or P. tereticollis (b) mean abundance per fish species, across fish species and localities (Ouche and Vingeanne localities). Both variables were log10-transformed.
Fig. 4 in Differential patterns of definitive host use by two fish acanthocephalans occurring in sympatry: Pomphorhynchus laevis and Pomphorhynchus tereticollis
Fig. 4. Relationship between the phylo-structural index of specificity towards definitive hosts and observed prevalence in gammarid intermediate hosts (%) in P. laevis and P. tereticollis. The phylo-structural index of specificity increases with the taxonomic diversity of fish species used.
Figure 1-2 in Acoustic communication in two species of the Hypsiboas albopunctatus group (Anura: Hylidae) in sympatry and allopatry
Figure 1-2. Advertisement (1) and aggressive (2) calls of Hypsiboas abopunctatus from Barro Alto, Goiás, Brazil. Above audiospectrogram, below oscillogram. (1) Air temperature = 23.4°C, Air humidity = 68%, SVL = 51,84 mm; (2) Air temperature = 19,8°C; Air humidity = 88%; SVL = 50,27 mm.
Figure 3-5 in Acoustic communication in two species of the Hypsiboas albopunctatus group (Anura: Hylidae) in sympatry and allopatry
Figure 3-5. Advertisement (3), aggressive I (4) and aggressive II (5) calls of Hypsiboas paranaiba from Barro Alto, Goiás, Brazil. Above audiospectrogram; below oscillogram. (3) Air temperature = 21°C, Air humidity = 92%, SVL = 45.03 mm; (4) Air temperature = 21°C, Air humidity = 92%, SVL = 45.04 mm; (5) Air temperature = 21°C, Air humidity = 92%, SVL = 43.22 mm.
Fig. 6 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland
Fig. 6. Close-up views of the lower mandible of Plecotus bats illustrating the shape of the chin pad in the three species. Pictures were taken from genetically identified adult long-eared bats from Switzerland or France. In the first column is P. auritus, in the middle column P. macrobullaris and in the third P. austriacus. Notice the particular shape of the chin pad of P. macrobullaris, with elongated tip and distinctly concave sides.
Fig. 5 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland
Fig. 5. Alignment of typical 16S sequences of different Plecotus lineages obtained with the MamP007 primer pair (framed); the expected amplicon size is 110 bp (including primers). Alignment dots represent identical nucleotides.
Fig. 4 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland
Fig. 4. Bivariate plot of the length of upper tooth row (CM3) versus diameter of tympanic bulla (DBT) of 194 skulls of Plecotus. Blue squares represent skulls of P. auritus, violet circles skulls of P. macrobullaris and orange triangles skulls of P. austriacus. Plain symbols indicate genetically identified individuals, while hollow ones are from animals examined for skull morphology only. Coloured boxes indicate the species-specific measurement ranges given by Benda & Ivanova (2003) for Central European Plecotus and the grey bars represent the limit values of the two cranial measurements proposed by Blant et al. (2008) to identify the three species.
Fig. 3 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland
Fig. 3. Map of Switzerland depicting the six biogeographical regions occurring in this country (Gonseth et al., 2001) and the occurrences of 700 genetically identified Plecotus samples. Plain symbols represent locations of P. auritus (in blue), P. austriacus (in orange) and P. macrobullaris (in violet). Symbols with more than one colour represent areas of sympatry. Map produced by the Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune.
Fig. 2 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland
Fig. 2. Species-specific patterns of amplification of 16S fragments obtained in a single PCR cocktail. These fragments were resolved on a 1.6% agarose gel run for about 30 min at 60 V/m. A 100 bp molecular ladder was run on each side of the pictured agarose gel. Amplification products of diagnostic sizes appear on lane 1 for P. macrobullaris (at about 400 bp), on lane 2 for P. austriacus (350 bp), on lane 3 for the 'west' clade of P. auritus (300 bp) and on lane 4 for the 'east' clade of P. auritus (two bands at about 300 and 400 bp, respectively).
Fig. 1 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland
Fig. 1. Skull drawing of a Plecotus austriacus (specimen MHNG 1704.016) illustrating the two cranial measurements examined in this study (DBT and CM3).
Figure 6 in Odorants Differentiate Australian Rattus with Increased Complexity in Sympatry
Figure 6. Variation in chemical complexity of preputial gland extracts among four subspecies of Rattus fuscipes and R. leucopus based on 80 quantitated compounds. (A) Box and whisker plots of the number of chemical compounds detected in each subspecies. (B) Box and whisker plots of the total abundance of chemical compounds detected in each subspecies. In both, asterisks above pairwise comparisons of conspecific subspecies indicate significantly higher values (p <0.01) with a one-way Mann-Whitney U Test for all sympatric to allopatric comparisons.
Figure 5 in Odorants Differentiate Australian Rattus with Increased Complexity in Sympatry
Figure 5. Variation in chemical composition of preputial glands among four subspecies of Rattus fuscipes and R. leucopus. (A) Twodimensional representation of chemical composition among individuals based on non-metric multidimensional scaling of all 80 quantitated compounds showing separation of species and subspecies (grey polygons represent grouping of samples using convex hulls). (B) Anosim plot of total compounds showing greater variation between than within species and among than within subspecies. (C) Two-dimensional representation of chemical composition among individuals based on non-metric multidimensional scaling using subset of thiazoline, carboxylic acid, and sesquiterpene compounds showing separation of species and subspecies (grey polygons represent grouping of samples using convex hulls). (D) Anosim plot of subset of compounds showing greater variation between than within species and among than within subspecies.
Figure 4. Representative ion m in Odorants Differentiate Australian Rattus with Increased Complexity in Sympatry
Figure 4. Representative ion m/z 60 trace with post-run selected ion chromatograms for thiazolines and carboxylic acids from preputial gland extracts of (A) Rattus fuscipes assimilis (QMJM 19152); (B) R. fuscipes coracius QMJM 19100; (C) R. leucopus cooktownensis QMJM 19131; and (D) R. leucopus leucopus QMJM 19060. Numbers above peaks identify specific compounds: (1) 2-methylthiazoline, 10.56 min; (2) 2-ethylthiazoline, 16.04 min; (3) 2-isopropylthiazoline, 19.59 min; (4) 2-propylthiazoline, 22.49 min; (5) 2-sec-butylthiazoline (SBT), 25.89 min; (6) 2-isobutylthiazoline, 26.10 min; (7) 2-butylthiazoline, 29.85 min; (8) dodecanoic acid, 56.28 min; (9) tetradecanoic acid, 67.25 min; (10) pentadecanoic acid, 72.34 min; and (11) hexadecanoic acid, 77.50 min.
Figure 3 in Odorants Differentiate Australian Rattus with Increased Complexity in Sympatry
Figure 3. Chemical structures of seven thiazoline compounds identified from preputial glands of Rattus
Figure 1 in Odorants Differentiate Australian Rattus with Increased Complexity in Sympatry
Figure 1. Map of sample localities across Queensland with select cities and towns indicated with stars. Preputial
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