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Fig. 9 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 9. Species of the genus Pachycrommium Woodring, 1928, under UV light. A. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30476 (Faullummel coll.), Chaussy, Val d'Oise, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. B. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30874 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, Eure, France, Lutetian, in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C. Pachycrommium acuminatum, MNHN A25003 (Faullummel coll.), Chaussy, in dorsal view. D. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A25004 (Faullummel coll.), VilliersSaint−Frédéric, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in apical view. E. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30479 (Faullummel coll.), Chaussy, in ventral view. F. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30875 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, in ventral (F1) and dorsal (F2) views. G. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30872 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, in ventral (G1) and dorsal (G2) views. H. Pachycrommium acuminatum (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30873 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, in ventral (H1) and dorsal (H2) views. I. Pachycrommium eburnoides (Grateloup, 1847), MNHN A30405 (Faullummel coll.), Saint−Paul−lès−Dax, Landes, France, Burdigalian, in ventral (I1) and apical (I2) views. J. Pachycrommium eburnoides (Grateloup, 1847), MNHN A30411 (Cossman coll.), Dax, Landes, France, Early Miocene, in detailed view of the first whorls (J1) and apical (J2) view. K. Pachycrommium eburnoides (Grateloup, 1847), MNHN A30410 (Cossmann coll.), Dax, in ventral (K1), dorsal (K2), and apical (K3) views. Scale bars for all 10 mm, except 5 mm (I3, J2), 2 mm (J1). Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 8. Species of the genus Pachycrommium Woodring, 1928, under UV light. A. Pachycrommium suessoniensis (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30881 (Pacaud coll.), Celles−sur−Aisne, Aisne, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in ventral (A1) and apical (A2) views. B. Pachycrommium suessoniensis (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30882 (Pacaud coll.), Celles−sur−Aisne, in apical (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C. Pachycrommium productum (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN A30945 (Pacaud coll.), Chaussy, Val d'Oise, France, Lutetian, in dorsal view. D. Pachycrommium sp., MNHN A30482 (Pacaud coll.), Monampteuil, Aisne, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in ventral (D1) and dorsal (D2) views. E. Pachycrommium scalariformis (Deshayes, 1825), MNHN A30401 (Ledon leg.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, Lutetian, in apical view. F. Pachycrommium scalariformis (Deshayes, 1825), MNHN A30402 (Ledon leg.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, view of a shell fragment. Scale bars 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 2. Species of the genus Ampullina Bowdich, 1822, under UV light. A. Ampullina depressa (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN J02192 (Cossmann coll.), Hérouval, Oise, France, Lutetian, in ventral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Ampullina parisiensis (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30403 (MNHN coll.), Villiers−Saint−Frédéric, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in dorsal view. C. Ampullina parisiensis (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN B58545 (Lhomme coll.), Chavençon (La Tranchée), Oise, France, Priabonian, in abapertural (C1) and ventral (C2) views. D. Ampullina rustica (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN A30414 (Ledon coll.), Douains, Eure, France, Lutetian, in apical (D1) and dorsal (D2) views. E. Ampullina grossa (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN B58581 (MNHN coll.), Mont−Saint−Martin, Aisne, France, Bartonian (Auversian), in apical view. F. Ampullina chenayensis Cossmann, 1892, MNHN A31127 (Faullummel coll.), Chenay, Marne, France, Thanetian, in labral (F1) and dorsal (F2) views. G. Ampullina aizyensis (Bayan, 1870), MNHN A30408 (Ledon coll.), Bachivillers, Oise, France, Thanetian, in dorsal view. H. Ampullina aizyensis (Bayan, 1870), MNHN A30409 (Ledon coll.), Bachivillers, in ventral (H1) and abapertural (H2) views. I. Ampullina stampinensis (Cossmann and Lambert, 1884), syntype of Natica stampinensis MNHN J05147 (Lambert coll.), Saint−Hilaire (Pierrefitte), Essonne, France, Rupelian (Stampian), in dorsal view. J. Ampullina perusta (Defrance in Brongniart, 1823), MNHN A30821 (MNHN coll.), Ronca, Italy, Lutetian, in ventral (J1) and abapertural (J2) views. K. Ampullina perusta (Defrance in Brongniart, 1823), MNHN A30822 (MNHN coll.), Ronca, in dorsal view. Scale bars 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 5 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 5. Species of the genus Globularia Swainson, 1840, under UV light. A. Globularia (Globularia) peyreirensis (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1919), MNHN Cossmann (A30480 coll.), Peyreire, Gironde; France, Chattian, in dorsal (A1), abapertural (A2), labral (A3), and apical (A4) views. B.?Globularia (Globularia) pilula (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN J02181 (Cossmann coll.), Villiers−Saint−Frédéric, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C.?Globularia (Globularia) pilula (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN A30398 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in ventral (C1) and dorsal (C2) views. D. Globularia (Cernina) fluctuata (Sowerby, 1825), MNHN IM (Staadt coll.), Banggi Island, Kudat division of Sabah, Malaysia, Recent, in ventral (D1), dorsal (D2), and labral (D3) views. E. Globularia (Cernina) fluctuata (Sowerby, 1825), MNHN IM (MNHN coll.), Philippines, Recent, in ventral (E1) and dorsal (E2) views. F. Globularia (Cernina) compressa (Basterot, 1825), MNHN A30399 (MNHN coll.), Mérignac, Gironde, France, Aquitanian, in dorsal (F1) and apical (F2) views. G. Globularia (Cernina) compressa (Basterot, 1825), MNHN A30400 (MNHN coll.), Mérignac, in dorsal view. H. Globularia (Cernina) sp., MNHN A30459 (Varone coll.), Saint−Martin−d'Oney, Landes, France, Aquitanian, in dorsal view. I. Globularia (Cernina) sp., MNHN A30460 (Varone coll.), Saint−Martin−d'Oney, in dorsal view. J. Globularia (Deshayesia) parisiensis (Raulin, 1844), MNHN A30892 (Cossmann coll.), Morigny (Château de Brunehaut), Essonne, France, Rupelian (Stampian), in labral (J1), abapertural (J2) and dorsal (J3) views. Scale bars 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 11 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 11. Comparisons of residual colour patterns between Naticidae and Ampullinidae under UV light. A–C. Naticidae. Indeterminate class: parallel zigzagging stripes, few zigzags per stripes, homogeneous zigzags' amplitude. A. Natica stoppanii Deshayes, 1864, MNHN A42002 (MNHN coll.), CuiseLamotte, Oise, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in apical (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Payraudeautia perforata (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN A31803 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in dorsal view. C. Cepatia cepacea (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN B58269 (MNHN coll.), Croix−Blanche, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. D–F. Ampullinidae. Class II: non−parallel zigzagging stripes, numerous zigzags per stripes, heterogeneous zigzags' amplitude. D. Globularia (Cernina) compressa (Basterot, 1825), MNHN A30400 (MNHN coll.), Mérignac, Gironde, France, Aquitanian, in dorsal view. E. Globularia (s.s.) sigaretina (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30859 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in dorsal view. F. Globularia (s.s.) semipatula (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN A30488 (Faullummel coll.), Cuise−Lamotte, Oise, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in ventral view. Scale bars 10 mm for all, except 5 mm (B, C). Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 1. Descriptive terminology of the residual colour patterns of the Ampullinidae. A. Crommium acutum (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN B58618 (MNHN coll.), Parnes, Oise, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. B. Globularia (Cernina) fluctuata (Sowerby, 1825), MNHN IM (Staadt coll.), Banggi Island, Kudat division of Sabah, Malaysia, Recent, in dorsal view. C. Ampullina parisiensis (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30403 (MNHN coll.), VilliersSaint−Frédéric, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in dorsal view. D. Globularia (Deshayesia) parisiensis (Raulin, 1844), MNHN A30892 (Cossmann coll.), Morigny (Château de Brunehaut), Essonne, France, Rupelian (Stampian), in dorsal view. E. Ampullina rustica (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN A30414 (Ledon coll.), Douains, Eure, France, Lutetian, in apical view. F. Ampullina intermedia (Deshayes, 1832), MNHN A30416 (MNHN coll.), Cuise−la−Motte, Oise, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in dorsal view. G. Ampullina intermedia (Deshayes, 1832), MNHN A30417 (MNHN coll.), Cuise−Lamotte, in labral view. Scale bars 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 7 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 7. Species of the genus Amaurellina Bayle in Fischer, 1840, under UV light. A. Amaurellina spirata (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30484 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in dorsal (A1) and apical (A2) views. B. Amaurellina spirata (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30884 (Faullummel coll.), Fontenay−en−Vexin, Eure, France, Lutetian, in dorsal view. C. Amaurellina spirata (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30485 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, in dorsal view. D. Amaurellina levesquei (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30879 (Faullummel coll.), Monampteuil, Aisne, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in dorsal view. E. Amaurellina levesquei (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30878 (Faullummel coll.), Monampteuil, in dorsal view. F. Amaurellina levesquei (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30948 (MNHN coll.), Cuise−Lamotte, Oise, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in dorsal view. G. Amaurellina sinuosa (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30432 (Faullummel coll.), Saint−Gobain, Aisne, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in ventral (G1) and dorsal (G2) views. H. Amaurellina sinuosa (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30431 (Faullummel coll.), Saint−Gobain, in ventral (H1) and dorsal (H2) views. I. Amaurellina sinuosa (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30887 (Faullummel coll.), Saint−Gobain, in dorsal view. J. Amaurellina paludiniformis (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30490 (Faullummel coll.), Saint−Gobain, in ventral (J1) and dorsal (J2) views. K. Amaurellina paludiniformis (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30492 (Faullummel coll.), Saint−Gobain, in dorsal view. L. Amaurellina tuba (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN J02215 (Cossmann coll.), Hermonville, Marne, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. Scale bars 10 mm (A–C), 5 mm (D–L). Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 10 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 10. Species of the genus Amauropsina Bayle in Chelot, 1885, under UV light. A. Amauropsina canaliculata (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30469 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in dorsal view. B. Amauropsina canaliculata (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30468 (MNHN coll.), Grignon in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C. Amauropsina canaliculata (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN J02165 (Cossmann coll.), Grignon, in dorsal view. D. Amauropsina canaliculata (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30467 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, in apical (D1) and dorsal (D2) views. E. Amauropsina arenularia (Vasseur, 1882), MNHN A30465, Villliers− Saint−Frédéric, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in ventral (E1) and dorsal (E2) views. F. Amauropsina arenularia (Vasseur, 1882), MNHN A30471 (Vaquez coll.), Saffré (Bois−Gouët), Loire−Atlantique, France, Bartonian, in apical (F1), ventral (F2), and dorsal (F3) views. Scale bars 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 3. Species of the genus Ampullina Bowdich, 1822, under UV light. A. Ampullina intermedia (Deshayes, 1832), MNHN A30418 (MNHN coll.), Cuise−la−Motte, Oise, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in ventral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Ampullina intermedia (Deshayes, 1832), MNHN A30416 (MNHN coll.), Cuise−la−Motte, in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C. Ampullina intermedia (Deshayes, 1832), MNHN A30415 (MNHN coll.), Cuisela−Motte, in labral view. D. Ampullina intermedia (Deshayes, 1832), MNHN A30417 (MNHN coll.), Cuise−Lamotte, in labral view. E. Ampullina intermedia (Deshayes, 1832), MNHN A30422 (d'Orbigny coll.), Cuise−Lamotte, in dorsal view. F. Ampullina merciniensis (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN J02199 (Cossmann coll.), Mercin−et−Vaulx, Aisne, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in dorsal view. Scale bars 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 4. Species of the genus Globularia sensu stricto Swainson, 1840, under UV light. A. Globularia (s.s.) sigaretina (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30859 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, Yvelines, France, Lutetian, in ventral (A1), labral (A2), and dorsal (A3) views. B. Globularia sigaretina (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30473 (Lamarck coll.), Parnes (Les Boves), Oise, France, Lutetian, in dorsal view. C. Globularia sigaretina (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30868 (MNHN coll.), Mary−sur−Marne, Seine−et−Marne, France, Bartonian (Auversian), in dorsal (C1) and labral (C2) views. D. Globularia berthelini (Cossmann, 1892), MNHN A30858 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, in dorsal view. E. Globularia berthelini (Cossmann, 1892), MNHN A30470 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, in dorsal view. F. Globularia berthelini (Cossmann, 1892), MNHN A30902 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, in abaperural view. G. Globularia patula (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30445 (MNHN coll.), Parnes, Oise, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. H. Globularia patula (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A31167 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, in labral view. I. Globularia patula (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A31169 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, in ventral (I1) and dorsal (I2) views. J. Globularia patula (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30438 (MNHN coll.), Parnes, in dorsal view. K. Globularia patula (Lamarck, 1804), MNHN A30437 (MNHN coll.), Parnes, in dorsal view. L. Globularia patula (Lamarck, 1804) MNHN A31168 (MNHN coll.), Grignon, in ventral (L1) and dorsal (L2) views. M. Globularia semipatula (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN A30488 (Faullummel coll.), Cuise−Lamotte, Oise, France, Ypresian (Cuisian), in ventral (M1), abapertural (M2), and dorsal (M3) views. N. Globularia splendida (Deshayes, 1864), MNHN A30487 (Faullummel coll.), Cuise−Lamotte, in dorsal view. O. Globularia patuloides (Cossmann and Pissarro, 1902), MNHN A31162 (Faullummel coll.), Le Guépelle, Val d'Oise, France, Bartonian, in dorsal (O1) and abapertural (O2) views. Scale bars 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

Fig. 6 in Taxonomic implications of the residual colour patterns of ampullinid gastropods and their contribution to the discrimination from naticids

Fig. 6. Species of the genus Crommium Cossmann, 1888, under UV light. A. Crommium acutum (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN B58618 (MNHN coll.), Parnes, Oise, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. B. Crommium acutum (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30889 (MNHN coll.), Boursault, Marne, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. C. Crommium acutum (d'Orbigny, 1850), MNHN A30861 (MNHN coll.), Fleury−la−rivière, Marne, France, Lutetian, in ventral (C1) and dorsal (C2) views. D. Crommium grignonensis (d'Orbigny, 1850), type of Natica heberti Deshayes, 1864, MNHN J04185 (Hébert coll.), Chaumont−en−Vexin, Oise, France, Lutetian, in ventral view. Scale bars 10 mm. Photographs by C. Lemzaouda and P. Loubry (MNHN).

opencc-zeroDec 2000View details →

FIG. 7. — Discriminant score D in A taxonomic revision of the ant subgenus Coptoformica Mueller, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIG. 7. — Discriminant score D(5) calculated with the characters sqrtPDF, sqrtPDG, SL/CL, ML, and GLANZ to separate Formica foreli and pressilabris queens. The bars mark the position of the following type material: n, type series of F. naefi Kutter; g, type series of F. goesswaldi Kutter; t, paratype of F. tamarae Dlussky.

opencc-zeroDec 2000View details →

FIG. 6. — Discriminant score D in A taxonomic revision of the ant subgenus Coptoformica Mueller, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIG. 6. — Discriminant score D(4) calculated with the characters sqrtPDF, sqrtPDG, SL/CS, and TERG to separate Formica foreli and pressilabris worker nest samples; the bars mark the position of the following type material: n, type series of F. naefi Kutter, 1957; g, type series of F. goesswaldi Kutter, 1967; f, holotype of F. foreli Emery, 1909; t, topotypical series of F. tamarae Dlussky, 1964; p, type series of F. pressilabris Nylander, 1846.

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

FIGURE 9. Canonical discriminant analysis from Amphisbaena albocingulata, A. darwini, A. heterozonata, A. munoai, A. prunicolor and A in Reappraisal of the taxonomic status of Amphisbaena prunicolor (Cope 1885) and Amphisbaena albocingulata Boettger 1885 (Amphisbaenia: Amphisbaenidae)

FIGURE 9. Canonical discriminant analysis from Amphisbaena albocingulata, A. darwini, A. heterozonata, A. munoai, A. prunicolor and A. trachura performed with meristic (A) and morphometric (B) characters.

opennotspecifiedAug 2013View details →

FIGURE 4. Discriminant function analysis depicting morphological differentiation within the C. vittatus-hansenae group. Close grey circle indicates C. vittatus Group II. Open circle denotes C. hansenae Group I. Closed black circle represents C. hansenae Group II in Re-evaluating the taxonomic status of Chiromantis in Thailand using multiple lines of evidence (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae)

FIGURE 4. Discriminant function analysis depicting morphological differentiation within the C. vittatus-hansenae group. Close grey circle indicates C. vittatus Group II. Open circle denotes C. hansenae Group I. Closed black circle represents C. hansenae Group II.

opennotspecifiedJul 2005View details →

FIGURE 3. Discriminant analysis. Data set included 140 in Morphometric analysis to differentiate taxonomically seven species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from an Andean cloud forest of Colombia

FIGURE 3. Discriminant analysis. Data set included 140 of four species (Eleutherodactylus douglasi, E. merostictus, E. miyatai and E. prolixodiscus) and 11 quantitative variables. The model utilized stepwise discrimination in which all variables were included in the model and then, at each step, the variable that contributed least to the prediction of group memberships was eliminated.

dryad32/100

Data from: Testing genome skimming for species discrimination in the large and taxonomically difficult genus Rhododendron

Standard plant DNA barcodes based on 2-3 plastid regions, and nrDNA ITS show variable levels of resolution, and fail to discriminate among species in many plant groups. Genome skimming to recover complete plastid genome sequences and nrDNA arrays has been proposed as a solution to address these resolution limitations. However, few studies have empirically tested what gains are achieved in practice. Of particular interest is whether adding substantially more plastid and nrDNA characters will lead to an increase in discriminatory power, or whether the resolution limitations of standard plants barcodes are fundamentally due to plastid genomes and nrDNA not tracking species boundaries. To address this, we used genome skimming to recover near-complete plastid genomes and nuclear ribosomal DNA from Rhododendron species and compared discrimination success with standard plant barcodes. We sampled 218 individuals representing 145 species of this species-rich and taxonomically difficult genus, focusing on the global biodiversity hotspots of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Only 33% of species were distinguished using ITS+matK+rbcL+trnH-psbA. In contrast, 55% of species were distinguished using plastid genome and nrDNA sequences. The vast majority of this increase is due to the additional plastid characters. Thus, despite previous studies showing an asymptote in discrimination success beyond 3-4 plastid regions, these results show that a demonstrable increase in discriminatory power is possible with extensive plastid genome data. However, despite these gains, many species remain unresolved, and these results also reinforce the need to access multiple unlinked nuclear loci to obtain transformative gains in species discrimination in plants.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →