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122 results for “temperate trees”
Hydraulic Pathways in Leaves of Temperate Trees at Harvard Forest 2002
The transport of water, sugar and nutrients in trees is restricted to specific vascular pathways, and thus organs may be relatively isolated from one another (=sectored). Strongly sectored leaf-to-leaf pathways have been shown for the transport of sugar and signal molecules within a shoot, but not previously for water transport. The hydraulic sectoriality of leaf-to-leaf pathways was determined for current year shoots of six temperate deciduous tree species (three ring-porous: Castanea dentata, Fraxinus americana and Quercus rubra, and three diffuse-porous: Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera and Liriodendron tulipifera). Hydraulic sectoriality was determined using dye staining and a hydraulic method. In the dye method, leaf blades were removed, and dye was forced into the most proximal petiole. For each petiole we counted the vascular traces shared with the proximal petiole. For other shoots, measurements were made of the leaf-area specific hydraulic conductivity for leaf-to-leaf pathways (kLL). In five of six species patterns of sectoriality reflected phyllotaxy; both the sharing of vascular bundles between leaves and kLL were higher for orthostichous than non-orthostichous leaf pairs. Species-differences in leaf-to-leaf sectoriality were determined as the proportional differences between non-orthostichous vs. orthostichous leaf pairs in their staining of shared vascular bundles and in their kLL; for the six species these two indices of sectoriality were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.94; P less than 0.001). Species varied 8-fold in their kLL-based sectoriality, and ring-porous species were more sectored than diffuse-porous species. Differential leaf-to-leaf sectoriality has implications for species-specific coordination of leaf gas exchange and water relations within a branch, especially during fluctuations in irradiance, water and nutrient availability.
North Temperate Lakes LTER Northern Highland Lake District Coarse Woody Debris Trees
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important, but often neglected, component of lake ecosystems. It is ecologically valuable because it creates littoral habitat complexity but it is susceptible to manipulation by riparian process, in particular removal by property owners. The objective of this study is to determine the spatial scales at which human and environmental factors contribute to coarse woody debris input and output dynamics. Coarse woody debris, boat docks, and riparian trees (with the potential of becoming CWD) around the five lakes of the NTL-LTER site (Trout Lake, Allequash Lake (north basin), Sparkling Lake, Crystal Lake, and Big Muskellunge Lake) were measured in 1996 and 1997. Riparian trees with the potential of becoming CWD were measured in Feb. 1997. Locations were determined by differential GPS (greater than 10 points per tree) and diameters were measured as diameter-at-breast-height (dbh) using a "cruising stick" according to the Scribner 78 scale (Philip 1994). Substantial snow cover made nominal "breast height" approximately 200 cm. The entire shores of Crystal and Sparkling Lakes were sampled. Shorelines on the other lakes were selected to represent developed and undeveloped conditions. Approximately 31 percent% (19/61 km) of the total shoreline of the five lakes was surveyed.
Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in tree rings and basal area increment from mature temperate forests within the AmeriFlux network.
Data were used to investigate long-term changes in tree intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE, i.e., the ratio between CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance) and the underlying physiological mechanisms. We used delta18O to estimate the 18O enrichment in leaf water above the source water, Delta18OLW. Moreover we assessed the relationship between isotope-derived parameters and atmospheric CO2 (ca) and climate factors. Isotope-related parameters included in the dataset are: alpha-cellulose delta13C, carbon isotope discrimination (Delta13C), intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) and the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ci/ca), alpha-cellulose delta18O, estimated delta18O in precipitation (see Method), oxygen isotope discrimination above the source water (Delta18O). The dataset includes also the following climate parameters: growing season temperature (Tgrs), precipitation (Pgrs) and vapor pressure deficit (VPDgrs) and mean annual temperature (Ta), precipitation (Pa) and vapor pressure deficit (VPDa), and standard precipitation-evaporation index relative to August, with 3 months lag (SPEI8_3) from the global database. Finally, we also include the ca values that were used to calculate delta13C, iWUE and ci/ca. All the equations used to calculate the isotope-derived parameters, including the leaf water Delta18O (see Figure 3 in Guerrieri et al. 2019 PNAS) are also provided.
Leaf angle measurements for temperate tree species in northeastern USA
Leaf angle distribution (LAD) measurements were made during the growing season in 2021 at the Harvard Forest in Petersham, MA, USA, and in 2022 at the Thompson Farm Earth Systems Observatory in Durham, NH, USA. At both sites, a level-calibrated digital angle tool was used to measure LAD in upper canopy foliage of common northeastern temperate tree species accessed using a mobile canopy lift. Additionally, at Thompson Farm, measurements were made at multiple heights to characterize differences of LAD in high, middle, and low canopy positions. Here, we have published those measurements, including a summary table of species average leaf angles and calculated parameters for fitted beta distributions. Processing scripts can be made available upon request to the authors. Additionally, leaf chemical, physical, structure, optical and physiological traits have been measured at these site as well as canopy scale measures of structure and UAV-based spectral, thermal, and lidar imagery.
Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Tree Growth Data in support of "Declining Winter Snowpack Offsets Carbon Storage Enhancement from Growing Season Warming in Northern Temperate Forest Ecosystems", Conrad-Rooney et al. PNAS 2025
Data associated with the publication: Conrad-Rooney E, AB Reinmann, PH Templer. Declining Winter Snowpack Offsets Carbon Storage Enhancement from Growing Season Warming in Northern Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2025. This dataset includes cumulative stem biomass carbon data (from pre-treatment in 2012 until 2022) and annual stem biomass growth rates (not cumulative) for 2015-2022 for the red maple trees at the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Mapping Tree Species Fractions in Temperate Mixed Forests Using Sentinel-2 Time Series and Synthetically Mixed Training Data
<p>This dataset contains the latest version of a selection of result data of the paper "Mapping Tree Species Fractions in Temperate Mixed Forests Using Sentinel-2 Time Series and Synthetically Mixed Training Data" (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114740 )</p> <p>The dataset contains:</p> <ol> <li>A geopackage of training points of pure tree species</li> <li>The resulting 12-band tree species fraction map of Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li>HSV-colored map of dominant tree species. For information which tree species are represented by the different colors, refer to the Supplemental in the original paper.</li> <li>CSV-table of predicted and reference propotion of the tree species in the validation polygon (the original polygon data can not be published due to data privacy regulations) </li> </ol> <p> </p>
Canopy gaps facilitate upslope shifts in montane conifers but not in temperate deciduous trees in the Northeastern United States
<p>Many montane tree species are expected to migrate upslope as climate warms, but it is not clear if forest canopy gaps, which can facilitate tree seedling recruitment, serve as an important mechanism driving tree species range shifts. Patterns of tree seedling establishment can inform us about early stages of tree species migrations and are critical to examine in the context of global climate change.</p> <p>We contrasted elevational distributions of tree seedlings both within and outside of forest canopy gaps with the distributions of conspecific adults and saplings across the deciduous-coniferous ecotone on ten mountains in four states of the northeastern United States. We tested if seedling distributions of four dominant tree species (<em>Abies balsamea, Picea rubens, Acer saccharum</em>, and<em> Fagus grandifolia</em>) were shifted upslope of conspecific adult and sapling distributions. We also examined if this shift was facilitated by canopy gaps and what environmental drivers affected species distributions.</p> <p>There was limited seedling recruitment of dominant tree species at the temperate-coniferous ecotone, which we attributed to (i) an observed downslope shift of seedling distributions of the low-elevation deciduous species (<em>Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifoli</em>a) and (ii) an upslope shift in seedling distributions of the high-elevation conifers (<em>Abies balsamea, Picea rubens</em>). The upslope shift of conifer seedlings contrasts with our previous research at these sites which observed downslope shifts of sapling distributions in <em>Picea rubens</em>, suggesting that seedlings may be responding to more recent climate warming. Canopy gaps in high-elevation conifer forests facilitated these upslope shifts by promoting conifer seedling recruitment. However, gaps at lower elevations did not play a significant role in seedling recruitment or the observed downslope shifts of the dominant deciduous species. Climate was the dominant predictor of adult tree distributions whereas both climate and soil were important predictors of seedling distributions.</p> <p><strong><em>Synthesis</em></strong>. Our study illustrates that tree seedlings have the potential for monitoring the early stages of tree species migrations, and particularly so in canopy gaps in high-elevation conifer forests. Further, we stress that species range shifts are sensitive to local scale heterogeneity in light availability (i.e., canopy gaps) and other non-climatic factors.</p>
Phosphorous fertilization and soil pH affect the growth of deciduous trees in a temperate hardwood forest
<p>To better understand how a forest’s response to P limitation and acidic deposition can change over time, we added P, limestone to raise pH, and a cross-treatment where both P and limestone were added to 3 different northeastern Ohio forest stands over a 12-year period. Internally, we call this experiment APEX, which stands for Acid Precipitation EXperiment. We tracked diameter at breast height (DBH) of the trees annually, conducted foliar nutrient analyses, and collected tree roots to assess treatment impacts on mycorrhizal colonization. We analyzed our dataset in three sections: the first 6 years after manipulation, the latter 6 years, and the entire 12-year period. These sections allowed us to compare differences between early responses to manipulation and later responses. The R code included here shows how these sections of data were analyzed using linear mixed effect models and Tukey post hoc tests (with the R packages lme4 and multcomp, respectively) and graphed (with the package ggplot2). The three R code files include analyses of 1) litter biomass and chemistry (APEX_leaf_litter_R_code.R), 2) ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and root biomass estimates from trees associated with these mycorrhizal types (APEX_mycorrhizal_roots_R_code.R), and 3) relative basal area increment that was calculated for different tree species and mycorrhizal association types using DBH measurements (APEX_RBAI_R_code.R). All input csv files are included here.</p>
Dissolved C, N, and P release efficiency from temperate tree leaf litter
<p><span>Dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients released from forest leaf litter through leaching are important energy and nutrient sources that support the production of aquatic food webs. Leaf litter-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a critical energy source for aquatic heterotrophic microbes, and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus can enhance primary production. In this study, we experimentally measured the release efficiencies and amounts of DOC, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) of the leaf litter from 11 temperate tree species by soaking the leaf litter in water for 28 days. We found that the maximal release efficiency (% of element released per estimated mass of the element) was the highest for P and lowest for N. These efficiencies were species-specific. Additionally, the DOC:TDP, DOC:TDN, and TDN:TDP ratios varied among the leachate of different leaf litter species. DOC:TDP increased with the C:P ratio in leaf litter biomass but is considerably lower; TDN:TDP was lower than the N:P ratio in leaf litter biomass as well; DOC:TDN ratio was higher than the C:N ratio in leaf litter biomass. These results suggest that the ratios of DOC to dissolved N and P nutrients released into water are related to, but not the same as, the stoichiometry of leaf litter biomass. Based on these findings, we concluded that changes in the vegetation with different leaf litter stoichiometry can alter the relative importance of detrital and grazing food chains in aquatic ecosystems.</span></p>
Dissolved C, N, and P release efficiency from temperate tree leaf litter
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Canopy gaps facilitate upslope shifts in montane conifers but not in temperate deciduous trees in the Northeastern United States
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Mycorrhizal types regulate tree spatial associations in temperate forests: ectomycorrhizal trees might favor species coexistence
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Data from: Climate warming prolongs the time interval between leaf-out and flowering in temperate trees: effects of chilling, forcing and photoperiod
<p><span>1. Leaf-out and flowering are two key phenological events of plants, denoting the respective onsets of visible vegetative growth and reproduction during the year. For each species, the schedule of vegetative growth and reproduction is crucial to the maximization of its fitness. Warming-induced advances of leaf-out and flowering have been reported frequently, however, it is unclear whether the responses of the two events are equal for any given species. </span></p> <p><span>2. Using long-term phenological records in Europe, we examined simultaneously the responses of both leaf-out and flowering of four common temperate tree species to climate warming and further examined the effects of winter chilling, spring forcing and photoperiod on the responses of the two events. </span></p> <p><span>3. We found that regardless whether flowering or leaf-out occurred first, the first event advanced more than the second during 1950 – 2013, resulting in a prolonged time interval between the two events. The temporal changes were also supported by a similar geographical trend that the time interval between the two events increased from cold to warm sites. Due to the warming-induced reduction in chilling, the spring forcing accumulated until the second event was increased more than the forcing accumulated until the first event, and that reduced the temperature sensitivity of the second event. In addition to the effect of chilling, the shorter photoperiod, associated with the advanced spring phenology, was also likely to substantially increase the spring forcing accumulated until the second event, which thus slowed down its advance, compared to the advance of the first event. The relative contributions of chilling and photoperiod to the increased forcing varied between species and events, with chilling mostly outweighing photoperiod. </span></p> <p><span>4. Synthesis. This study provides the large-scale empirical evidence of prolonged time interval between leaf-out and flowering with climate warming. The unequal advances of the two events may alter the partition of resources between vegetative growth and reproduction and cause different changes of spring frost damage to vegetative and reproductive tissues, which may alter species fitness and further affect ecosystem structure and function.</span></p>
Tree damage data from a 2009 windstorm in a temperate forest nitrogen fertilization experiment
<p>This repository contains the data and analysis for the paper <em>Nitrogen fertilization increases windstorm damage in an aggrading forest</em> by Walter, C.A., Fowler, Z.K., Adams, M.B., Burnham, M.B., McNeil, B.E., and W.T Peterjohn (2021) in the journal <em>Forests</em>, 12, 443. Open-access article available at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443">https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443</a>.</p> <p>The analysis follows a two-step process:</p> <ol> <li>Prepare data using ba.csv and damage.csv in the script Data_prep.R</li> <li>Use prepared data in analysis.csv to perform bootstrap analysis in the script Analysis.R</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p><strong><em>Analysis</em></strong></p> <p>ba.csv and damage.csv are the datasheets corresponding to the 2009 forest inventory and the 2011 forest damage assessment in the LTSP experiment. These datasheets are run through the analysis pipeline Data_prep.R to create the analysisdata.csv datasheet that is used in the bootstrap analysis Analysis.R</p> <p>Data_prep.R calculates the percentage of stems and the basal area damaged in each LTSP treatment subunits (called "square"). It does this for all spp. together, by spp., by damage type, and by damage severity. This results in 17 response variables that are used in the bootstrap analysis. These data are written to analysisdata.csv.</p> <p>Analysis.R uses the prepped datasheet analysisdata.csv to compute empirical means across treatments, and create bootstrapped mean distributions using an 50,000 random samples. The empirical means are compared to the boostrapped mean distributions to calculate p-values.</p> <p>A detailed explanation of the analysis is available in the paper at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443">https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443</a>.</p> <p><strong><em>Data</em></strong></p> <p>There are three datasheets in this repository - ba.csv, damage.csv, and analysisdata.csv. ba.csv is the data from the 2009 forest inventory in the LTSP (Fowler et al. 2014). damage.csv is the data from the 2011 damage survey in the LTSP. And analysisdata.csv is analysis product of both ba.csv and damage.csv, data for the percentage of trees (basal area or stems) damaged. The attributes are explained as follows:</p> <p><strong>ba.csv</strong>:<br> block - LTSP block number [integer]<br> trmt - LTSP treatment name [string]<br> plot - LTSP plot number [integer]<br> square - subunit of plot [integer]<br> area_m2 - area of square in square meters [float]<br> area_ha - area of square in ha [float]<br> date - date square was sampled [date]<br> spp - species four-letter code [string]<br> tree - individual tree number [integer]<br> branch - individual branch of individual tree number [integer]<br> status - tree mortality status; L = live, D = Dead [binary string]<br> dbh_cm - tree / branch diameter at breast height in centimeters [float]<br> ba_m2 - tree / branch diameter at breast height in meters [float]<br> baperham2 - basal area per hectare in square meters [float]<br> uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string]<br> uniq_plot - concatenation of block|plot|trmt [string]</p> <p><strong>damage.csv</strong>:<br> block - LTSP block number [integer]<br> plot - LTSP plot number [integer]<br> square - subunit of plot [integer]<br> spp - species four-letter code [string]<br> status - tree mortality status; L = live, D = Dead [binary string]<br> damagetype - damage type designation; B = bent, T = tipup, S = snap [string]<br> degree - damage degree; M = moderate, S = significant, E = extensive, P = prostrate [string]<br> damagecat - concatenation of damagetype and degree [string]<br> damagecont - arbitrarily designated ordinal scale of damagecat [integer]<br> dbh_cm - tree / branch diameter at breast height in centimeters [float]<br> ba_m2 - tree / branch diameter at breast height in meters [float]<br> trmt - LTSP treatment name [string]<br> uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string]<br> uniq_plot - concatenation of block|plot|trmt [string]</p> <p><strong>analysisdata.csv</strong>: <br> trmt - LTSP treatment name [string]<br> uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string]<br> totalba - total basal area in square meters of the square [float]<br> damageba - damaged ba in square meters of the square [float]<br> pctbadam - percentage of the totalba damaged [float]<br> totstems - total number of stems in the square [integer]<br> damstems - number of damages stems in the square [integer]<br> pctstemdam - percentage of totstems damaged in the square [float]<br> sumbent - sum of bent stems in the square [integer]<br> sumsnap - sum of snap stems in the square [integer]<br> sumtipup - sum of tiput stems in the square [integer]<br> pctbent - percentage of damaged stems of damage type bent in the square [float]<br> pctsnap - percentage of damaged stems of damage type snap in the square [float]<br> pcttipup - percentage of damaged stems of damage type tipup in the square [float]<br> sumseverE - sum of stems of damage severity class E (Extensive) in square [integer]<br> sumseverM - sum of stems of damage severity class M (Moderate) in square [integer]<br> sumseverP - sum of stems of damage severity class P (Prostrate) in square [integer]<br> sumseverS - sum of stems of damage severity class S (Severe) in square [integer]<br> pctseverE - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class E (Extensive) in square [float]<br> pctseverM - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class M (Moderate) in square [float]<br> pctseverP - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class P (Prostrate) in square [float]<br> pctseverS - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class S (Severe) in square [float]<br> prpestemdam - sum of prpe stems damaged in square [integer]<br> litustemdam - sum of litu stems damaged in square [integer]<br> prsestemdam - sum of prse stems damaged in square [integer]<br> belestemdam - sum of bele stems damaged in square [integer]<br> prpestem - sum of prpe stems in square [integer]<br> litustem - sum of litu stems in square [integer]<br> prsestem - sum of prse stems in square [integer]<br> belestem - sum of bele stems in square [integer]<br> pctprpedam - percentage of prpestem damaged in square [float]<br> pctlitudam - percentage of litustem damaged in square [float]<br> pctprsedam - percentage of prsestem damaged in square [float]<br> pctbeledam - percentage of belestem damaged in square [float]<br> prpedamba - sum of prpe basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer]<br> litudamba - sum of litu basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer]<br> prsedamba - sum of prse basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer]<br> beledamba - sum of bele basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer]<br> prpeba - sum of prpe basal area in square meters in square [integer]<br> lituba - sum of litu basal area in square meters in square [integer]<br> prseba - sum of prse basal area in square meters in square [integer]<br> beleba - sum of bele basal area in square meters in square [integer]<br> pctprpebadam - percentage of prpeba damaged in square [float]<br> pctlitubadam - percentage of lituba damaged in square [float]<br> pctprsebadam - percentage of prseba damaged in square [float]<br> pctbelebadam - percentage of beleba damaged in square [float]</p> <p><strong>Field sampling protocol</strong></p> <p>Additional details and schematics of the field sampling of the forest survey and damage assessment are included in the MS Excel file field_sampling_protocol.xlsx. The file includes graphical layouts of the blocks, plots, and squares and details of the measurements taken during sampling.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>License</strong></p> <p><em>MIT License</em></p> <p>Copyright (c) 2021 Chris Walter</p> <p>Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software, data, code, and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:</p> <p>The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.</p> <p>THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.</p>
Data from: Decoupling between growth rate and storage remobilization in broadleaf temperate tree species
<p>1. Temperate trees rely on carbon (C) and nutrient remobilisation from storage to resume growth after winter. Minimum storage levels during the growing season suggest that remobilisation could signify that C availability is insufficient to meet growth demands; consequently, growth might be C and/or nutrient limited. However, it remains unclear whether higher growth demands are covered by higher remobilization. This study examined whether higher C and nutrient demands associated with fast growth or deciduousness, rely on greater remobilisation.</p> <p>2. In 11 sympatric deciduous and evergreen angiosperm tree species from southern South América, the magnitude of seasonal remobilisation of C and nutrient storage was assessed as the seasonal minimums (relative to seasonal maximums) of whole tree non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations and pools. The basal area increment and stem wood density were determined for each tree, from which the biomass radial increment (BRI) was estimated. The effects of leaf habit and BRI on the seasonal minimums NSCs and nutrient concentrations and pools were analysed using linear mixed-effects models.</p> <p>3. Radial growth was not related to seasonal minimum NSC or nutrient concentrations and pools in either the evergreens or deciduous angiosperms; thus, faster growth was not associated with greater remobilisation of C or nutrient stores. Further, larger trees grew faster than smaller ones, but did not have higher remobilisation. Deciduous species had higher year-round whole tree NSC and nutrient concentrations than evergreens; however, both groups had similar BRI and seasonal minimum concentrations and pools of NSCs and nutrients.</p> <p>4. Neither growth rate nor leaf habit drove the magnitude of C and nutrient remobilisation in the angiosperm trees examined here, indicating no C or nutrient limitation. This result contradicts the view that growth and storage strongly regulate one another, as proposed by a growth-storage trade-off.</p>
Data from: Do temperate tree species diversity and identity influence soil microbial community function and composition?
Studies of biodiversity-ecosystem function in treed ecosystems have generally focused on aboveground functions. The present study investigates inter-trophic links between tree diversity and soil microbial community function and composition.We examined how microbial communities in surface mineral soil responded to experimental gradients of tree species richness (SR), functional diversity (FD), community-weighted mean trait value (CWM) and tree identity. The site was a 4-yr-old common garden experiment near Montreal, Canada, consisting of deciduous and evergreen tree species mixtures. Microbial community composition, community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) and respiration were evaluated using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and the MicroRespTM system, respectively. The relationship between tree species richness and glucose induced respiration (GIR), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO2) followed a positive but saturating shape. Microbial communities associated with species mixtures were more active (basal respiration (BR)), with higher biomass (glucose induced respiration (GIR)), and used a greater number of carbon sources than monocultures. Communities associated with deciduous tree species used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with evergreen species, suggesting a greater soil carbon storage capacity. There were no differences in microbial composition (PLFA) between monocultures and SR mixtures. The FD and the CWM of several functional traits affected both BR and GIR. In general, the CWM of traits had stronger effects than did FD, suggesting that certain traits of dominant species have more effect on ecosystem processes than does FD. Both the functions of GIR and BR were positively related to aboveground tree community productivity. Both tree diversity (SR) and identity (species and functional identity – leaf habit) affected soil microbial community respiration, biomass and composition. For the first time, we identified functional traits related to life history strategy, as well as root traits that influence another trophic level, soil microbial community function, via effects on BR and GIR.
Context-dependent effects of deer on aboveground carbon stocks in the regenerative tree layer in temperate and boreal forests: a meta-analysis
<p>Herbivores, including deer (Cervidae), influence ecosystem functions and carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure and composition. Given the increase in deer populations in Europe and North America, there is growing interest in their impact on carbon dynamics in temperate and boreal forests. We investigated the effects of deer on carbon stored in the seedling and sapling layer through two mechanisms: (1) deer affecting the overall aboveground woody biomass in these strata and (2) deer changing the composition of tree species in these strata, because species differ in wood density and carbon content. We performed a meta-analysis of 17 datasets from 12 studies, assessing the effects of deer exclusion on aboveground carbon stocks within the seedling and sapling layer (≤3m) under two scenarios of carbon calculation, where we used either: (1) species-specific carbon content and wood density values (mean scenario) and (2) generic carbon content and wood density values (neutral scenario). Our results show that including species-specific wood density values in calculations had a minimal effect on the estimated impact of deer exclusion on carbon stocks compared to generic values, but that there was insufficient data on species-specific carbon content to determine its importance in calculating aboveground carbon stocks. Our results show that preventing deer herbivory did not have a consistent positive effect on aboveground carbon stocks in the regenerating forest layer, except in sites dominated by conifer saplings and boreal sites. Instead, the among-case variability in effects suggests a complex interaction between the impact of deer browsing and forest carbon. Understanding these interactions is vital to assess wildlife-carbon relations and to develop appropriate forest conservation approaches in response to growing deer populations.</p>
Data for: Foliar spectra accurately distinguish most temperate tree species and show strong phylogenetic signal.
<p>Gene supermatrix and partitions used for Blanchard, F., Bruneau, A., Laliberté, E. (2023). Foliar spectra accurately distinguish most temperate tree species and show strong phylogenetic signal. <i>Am.J.Bot</i>., [Submitted]. See text for more information.</p><p>All leaf spectral and trait data can be found at https://data.caboscience.org/leaf/</p>
Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the positive effects of local scale (α-diversity) biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are widely accepted, species turnover across communities (β-diversity) which is often an important driver of ecosystem functioning did not receive the same attention. This study broadens the understanding of how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: North-eastern China.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: 2017.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Woody plants.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We estimate ecosystem multifunctionality using both averaging and modified multiple thresholds (50%, 70% and 90%) approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Linear and nonlinear models were used to evaluate the optimal patterns of multifunctionality and biodiversity along the latitude. Using variance decomposition, structural equation modeling and linear mixed models, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Our results show that multifunctionality decreased with increasing latitude, mirroring the pattern of tree diversity along latitudinal gradients. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity emerged as crucial diversity indices for sustaining multifunctionality in these temperate forests. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by tree diversity. Environmental heterogeneity played a pivotal role in maintaining high levels of multifunctionality, exerting influence both directly and indirectly via phylogenetic β-diversity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.</p>
Leaf-level resistance to frost, drought and heat covaries across European temperate tree seedlings
<p>Most trees die as seedlings, with harsh environmental conditions, such as early-spring frosts and summer heat waves, being important drivers of early mortality. However, it remains unclear whether tolerance to different environmental extremes (e.g. frost vs. heat) trades-off, or covaries synergistically and how stress tolerances relate to growth rates and life history strategies. Given the likely role of extreme environmental conditions as environmental filters, the ability to tolerate different stressors at the seedling stage could shape the occurrence and composition of present and future forests.</p> <p>We explored the relationships between different leaf-level stress tolerances, functional traits and geographic distributions across 22 species of temperate European tree seedlings. We measured indicators of tolerance to frost, drought and heat and related these values to growth rates and to important functional traits (e.g., leaf mass per area, stem specific density). Finally, we explored the links between measured seedling stress tolerances and climatic niche limits inferred from adult trees' distributions.</p> <p>We found that seedlings of most species were either moderately tolerant to all three stressors, or susceptible to all of them. Moreover, higher stress tolerances were associated with traits describing slower growth and lower competitive ability. However, seedling tolerances to climatic factors were unrelated to the environmental limits of their adult geographic distributions.</p> <p><em>Synthesis.</em> Our results suggest that temperate tree seedlings might not experience trade-offs when facing an increase in multiple extreme climate stressors, but may experience trade-offs related to growth rate and competitive ability in the establishment phase. The lack of correlation between leaf-level stress tolerances and the environmental limits of adult geographic distributions suggests that predicting species' current or future geographic distributions in Europe will require a more nuanced understanding of how climatic tolerances at juvenile and adult stages influence range limits. A better understanding of the interaction between survival in extreme climate, leaf-level stress tolerances of seedlings, and the factors driving species distributions is needed to understand future forest responses to climate change.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.