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FIGURE 8 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 8. Diagrammatic reconstructions of Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. The scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: as, medial axial spines; en, endopod; ex, exopod; hl, frontal head limb; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; tf, tail fan; t1, tergite 1; t9, tergite 9; t15, tergite 15. Morphological details of the tail fan were partially inferred from Kylinxia zhangi Zeng, Zhao, and Huang in Zeng et al., 2020.

FIGURE 7 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 7. Consensus trees from Bayesian (left) and parsimony (right) analyses of panarthropod relationships based on a matrix of 283 characters and 84 taxa with deutocerebral frontal-most appendages inferred. A, 50% majority-rule consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis; B, strict consensus of a single most parsimonious tree of 54.38597 steps (consistency index = 0.48; retention index = 0.86) from a parsimony analysis using implied character weighting (concavity constant k = 3). In the parsimony analysis Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. is retrieved as the sister taxon to the early branching deuteropod Kylinxia zhangi Zeng, Zhao, and Huang in Zeng et al., 2020. In the Bayesian analysis F. mamingae is resolved as a deuteropod that bridges between K. zhangi and all other deuteropods. Abbreviations: D, Deuteropoda; P, Panarthropoda; T, total-group Euarthropoda.

FIGURE 6 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 6. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431). A-B, tungsten photography and fluorescent photography lighting of putative pygidium and tail fan, respectively; C, interpretive line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 1 mm. Abbreviations: cw, compression wrinkles; en?, putative endopod podomeres; ex?, putative exopod(s); ps?, putative pygidial segment(s); pyg?, putative pygidium; tf, tail fan; tfm?, perceived margin of tail fan; t15, tergite 15.

FIGURE 5 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 5. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431). A, part (boxed regions are shown in E-J); B, counterpart (boxed regions are shown in C-D); C, tungsten photography lighting of head region in B; E, posterior body region from A; G, trunk tergites from A; I, head region from A; D, F, H, J, fluorescent photography lighting of the same. Arrowheads indicate medial axial spines. Scale bars are 5 mm (A-B, I-J); 2 mm (C-H). Abbreviations: asc?, putative anterior sclerite; cw, compression wrinkle(s); ed, endite(s); en?, putative endopod; es, eye stalk(s); hs, head shield; lae, left eye; p1-p6, podomeres 1 through 6; ps?, putative pygidial segment(s); pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; rm, rim of eye; sh, shaft of frontal head limb; tf, tail fan; t1, tergite 1; t7, tergite 7; t15, tergite 15.

FIGURE 4 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 4. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431b). A-B, lateral view (stereo pair) of the counterpart (stereo images have a tilt of 20˚ to emphasise topographic differences); C, composite line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations: es, eye stalk(s); ex?, putative exopod(s); hl, frontal head limb; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; t8, tergite 8.

FIGURE 3 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 3. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A-C, tomographic models of the part. The specimen is orientated with the anterior facing left. All scale bars are 5 mm. The blue arrowheads point to the tergopleural terminus of the third trunk segment and, the red arrowheads indicate the paddle-shaped exopods of trunk limbs 1-3 — transverse sections through flattened lobate exopods that clearly extend beyond the tergopleural termini, and white arrowheads indicate exopod setae. Abbreviations: 1, trunk exopod 1; 2, trunk exopod 2; 3, trunk exopod 3.

FIGURE 1 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 1. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A-B, lateral view (stereo pair) of the part (stereo images have a tilt of 20˚ to emphasise topographic differences); C, composite line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations: ist, indeterminate soft tissue; cw, compression wrinkle(s); en?, putative endopod podomere(s); es, eye stalk(s); ex?, putative exopod(s); gr, groove; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; ps?, putative pygidial segment; pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; tf, tail fan; tfm?, perceived margin of tail fan; t1-15, tergites 1 through 15.

FIGURE 2 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 2. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A, lateral view of the part; B-C, tomographic models of the part — lateral view of the part with the matrix partially removed digitally and lateral view of the part with the matrix further removed digitally, respectively. All scale bars are 5 mm. Blue and white arrowheads point to the tergopleurae of the third trunk segment and black and red arrowheads indicate the paddle shaped exopods of trunk limbs 1-3.

Fig. 5 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 5. An early arthropod reconstruction of Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000). The animal was covered by the carapace. The trunk length, which consists of 14 somites varies from 2 to 3 cm in adults. Large stalked eyes and a pair of uniramous prehensile appendages (5 podomeres) bearing stout inner outgrowths protruded anteriorly. The following appendages are biramous and uniform—i.e., a slender endopod with many podomeres and an exopod fringed with many long lamellae.

Fig. 4 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 4. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0008 from Jianshan section; A1, posterior part of an incomplete specimen showing the frontal appendage, exopod, endopod; A2, detailed view of the frontal appendage, showing five podomeres and tooth−like outgrowths; A3, detailed view of exopod and endopod, showing the gill lamellae of exopod and the podomeres of endopod; A4, detailed view of endopod, showing its podomeres. B. EJ0404 from Erjie section; B1, showing the location of the eye stalk, trunk, proximal part of appendages and the outline of endopod; B2, camera−lucida drawing of B1. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; en, endopod; es, eye stalk; ex, exopod; f1–5, podomeres of the frontal appendage from the distal to proximal; fa, frontal appendage; gl, gill lamellae of exopod; lv, left valve; p1–5, podomeres of endopod from the distal to proximal; pr, proximal part of appendage; rv, right valve; st, striated ornament; ta, trunk appendage; ti, trunk inclusion; 1–7, numbered trunk appendage.

Fig. 3 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 3. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0014 from Jianshan section; A1, specimen showing the striated ornament of the carapace, eye, frontal appendages, exopod and trace of the trunk; A2, detailed view of eye sphere, showing two individual layers, the light external cornea and the dark internal core; A3, camera−lucida drawing of A1; A4, detailed view of frontal appendages, showing the intersegmental membranes, five podomeres and tooth−like outgrowths; A5, the counterpart of JS0014, showing the posterior part of specimen. B. EJ0417 from Erjie section, dorsal view showing the single shield carapace and unsplit base of anterior or posterior spines. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; co, cornea; ex, exopod; f1–5, podomeres of the frontal appendage from the distal to proximal; fa, frontal appendage; ou, tooth−like outgrowth of the frontal appendage; ps, posterior spine; ru, retinular units; st, striated ornament.

Fig. 1 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 1. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0010 from Jianshan section; A1, showing the outline and the striated ornament of the carapace; A2, detailed view of exopod, showing the gill lamellae; A3, camera−lucida drawing of A1; A4, detailed view of vascular integumental network. B. JS172 from Jianshan section; B1, detailed view of exopod, showing the gill lamellae; B2, showing the striated ornament on the posterior of the carapace and exopod. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; ex, exopod; fa, frontal appendage; ps, posterior spine; rv, right valve; st, striated ornament; ta, trunk appendage; vn, vascular integumental network.

Fig. 2 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 2. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China from Erjie section (A–C, E) and from Jianshan section (D). A. EJ0423; A1, complete specimen showing the outline of carapace, lamellae of the exopod; A2, camera−lucida drawing of A1. B. EJ0424, showing the eye spheres, frontal appendage, trunk and the traces of trunk appendages. C. EJ0422, immature specimen showing 14 trunk somites. D. JS154; D1, showing eye spheres, the number of the trunk somites and location of appendages; D2, camera−lucida drawing of D1. E. EJ0407; E1, showing the eye sphere and stalk, appendages in relief and the trunk; E2, camera−lucida drawing of E1. Abbreviations: es, eye stalk; ex, exopod; fa, frontal appendage; gl, gill lamellae of exopod; le, lateral eye; pr, proximal part of appendage; ps, posterior spine; te, telson; ti, trunk inclusion; 1–14, numbered trunk appendage.

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FIGURE 9 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 9. Artistic reconstruction of Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov.