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Fig. 7. Representative theropod dinosaur teeth from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 7. Representative theropod dinosaur teeth from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. A. cf. Richardoestesia sp., MWC 8865, tooth crown in labial view (A1), mesial (A2) and distal (A3) serration detail views. B. Dromaeosauridae indet., MWC 8872, tooth crown fragment in lingual (B1), distal (B2) and mesial (B3) serration detail views. C. Hadrosauridae indet., MWC 8896, tooth crown in occlusal (C1) and lateral (C2) views.

Fig. 6. A in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 6. A. Strict consensus tree of 100 most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.238; RI = 0.538; L = 1089) recovered in the cladistic analysis of the dentition-based data matrix with an unconstrained search. B. Strict consensus tree of 100 most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.238; RI = 0.609; L = 669) recovered in the cladistic analysis of the tooth-crown-based data matrix.

Fig. 7 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 7. Results of the discriminant analysis performed at the "group"-level on the whole dataset along the first two canonical axes of maximum discrimination in the dataset with personal measurements of CH (A) and teeth larger than two centimeters (B). A. For 400 teeth belonging to 46 theropod taxa and 12 groupings (PC1 and PC2 account for 38.08% and 30.78% of the total variance, respectively). B. For 725 teeth belonging to 53 theropod taxa and 13 groupings (PC1 and PC2 account for 47.39% and 27.61% of the total variance, respectively). Abbreviations: AL, apical length; CBL, crown base; CBW, crown base width; CH, crown height; MCL, mid crown length; MCW, mid-crown width; MSL, mesial serrated carina length.

Fig. 4 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 4. Abelisaurid tooth of Morphotype III (IIPG-06) from "Dino 1" site (S 39°08'; W 67°40'), Paso Córdoba locality, 14 km southwest of the town of General Roca, Río Negro Province; Allen Formation (middle Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous); in labial (A1), lingual (A2), mesial (A3), distal (A4), apical (A5), and basal (A6) views; detail of the distal denticles at the apical three-fourths of the crown height (A7).

Fig. 3 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 3. Abelisaurid tooth of Morphotype II (IIPG-09) from "Dino 1" site S 39°08'; W 67°40'), Paso Córdoba locality, 14 km southwest of the town of General Roca, Río Negro Province; Allen Formation (middle Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous); in labial (A1), lingual A2), mesial (A3), distal (A4), apical (A5), and basal (A6) views; detail of the crown apex (A7).

Fig. 1 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 1. Location maps of the study area within the Neuquén Basin (A, B). Geological map indicating the different units recognized in Paso Córdoba (Argentina), star marks collecting of specimens (C). Field photos of the excavation of specimens (D, E).

Fig. 8 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 8. One of the paleoecological interpretations of the Paso Córdoba site. Theropods scavenging the carcass of a sauropod. Artwork by Jorge González, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina.

Fig. 5 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 5. Strict consensus tree of two most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.198; RI = 0.457; L = 1314) recovered in the cladistic analysis of the dentition-based data matrix with constrained search and setting the three morphotypes as floating terminals.

Fig. 2 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 2. Abelisaurid tooth of Morphotype I (IIPG-02) from "Dino 1" site (S 39°08'; W 67°40'), Paso Córdoba locality, 14 km southwest of the town of General Roca, Río Negro Province; Allen Formation (middle Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous); in labial (A1), lingual (A2), mesial (A3), distal (A4), apical (A5), and basal (A6) views; detail of marginal undulations (A7); mesial (A8) and distal (A9) denticles at the apical three-fourths of the crown height; detail of the mesial denticles at the apical three-fourths of the crown height (A10). Abbreviations: cs, concave surfaces; mca, mesial carina; dca, distal carina; sps, spalled surface; ids, interdenticular sulcus; idsp; interdenticular space.

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Text-fig. 10.—A possible hunting set of Hell Creek theropods, drawn to scale. A, Tyrannosaurus rex. B, Albertosaurus lancensis. C, the Jordan theropod. D, Saurornithoides mongoliensis. S. mongoliensis is not present in the Hell Creek, but is used to represent those saurornithoidids and dromaeosaurids present and represented by isolated teeth. A fifth form, Paronychodon lacustris, also represented only by isolated teeth has not been included but was probably intermediate between the saurornithoidids and the Jordan theropod. in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 10.—A possible hunting set of Hell Creek theropods, drawn to scale. A, Tyrannosaurus rex. B, Albertosaurus lancensis. C, the Jordan theropod. D, Saurornithoides mongoliensis. S. mongoliensis is not present in the Hell Creek, but is used to represent those saurornithoidids and dromaeosaurids present and represented by isolated teeth. A fifth form, Paronychodon lacustris, also represented only by isolated teeth has not been included but was probably intermediate between the saurornithoidids and the Jordan theropod.

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Text-fig. 5.—Teeth of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). A, Premaxillary tooth in lateral and posterior aspects and section. B, First left dentary tooth in lateral and posterior aspects. C, Second left maxillary tooth in lateral aspect. in A new Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Montana

Text-fig. 5.—Teeth of the Jordan theropod (LACM 28471). A, Premaxillary tooth in lateral and posterior aspects and section. B, First left dentary tooth in lateral and posterior aspects. C, Second left maxillary tooth in lateral aspect.

Fig. 5 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 5. Time-calibrated phylogeny of spinosaurids and related theropods. Time-calibrated cladogram elaborated after Carrano et al. (2012) and Allain (2014). The asterisks mark the place of the three basal spinosaurid forms represented only by teeth (Buffetaut et al. 2011; this article). The proposed transition from a plesiomorphic theropod tooth (node 1 and earlier) to a highly derived spinosaurid tooth (node 4) would include a transitional state (represented by MUPE HB-87). 1, Averostra; 2, Tetanurae; 3, Megalosauroidea; 4, Spinosauridae.

Fig. 4 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 4. Dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis of the theropod teeth. A. Database from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) and the HB site. The characters used were those proposed by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) for lateral teeth. HB samples are clustered with Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus (black dot). B. Database from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), the specimens from the HB site, and two basal spinosaurid teeth from the Middle Jurassic TP4 site in Niger (Serrano-Martínez et al. 2015). MUPE HB-118, MUPE HB-125, and MUPE HB-142 remain clustered with Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus (black dot), but MUPE HB-87, MUPE TP4-2, and MUPE TP4-3 are clustered with the spinosaurids (white dot).

Fig. 1 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 1. Theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic Tegama Group, Agadez, Niger. A. MUPE HB-142 in labial (A1), lingual (A2), distal (A3), and basal (A5) views, close-up (A4). B. MUPE HB-118 in lateral (B1, B2), distal (B3), and basal (B5) views, close-up (B4). C. MUPE HB-125 in lateral (C1, C2) and distal (C3) views. D. Spinosaurid tooth, MUPE HB-87 in distal (D1), lingual (D2), mesial (D3), and labial (D4) views; close-up view of the labial side (D5); note the deeply veined enamel surface texture and the shape and size of the distal denticles.

Fig. 3 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 3. Morphospace occupied by theropod teeth of the database used in this paper and those of the HB site using the results of the discriminant function analyses (A). Teeth that delimit the morphospace of each taxon (B). The colour convex hulls correspond to the morphospaces delineated by different theropod clades.

Fig. 2 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 2. Tooth measurements and dimensions used in this study. Theropod dental anatomy and variables used, in lateral and basal views (redrawn from Smith et al. 2005). AL, apical length; CA, crown angle; CBL, crown base length; CBR, crown base ratio; CBW, crown base width; CH, crown height; CHR, crown height ratio; DA, distal denticles in the apical section. DB, distal denticles in the basal section. DC, distal denticles in the central section. DSDI, denticle size difference index. MA, mesial denticles in the apical section. MB, mesial denticles in the basal section. MC, mesial denticles in the central section.

Fig. 6 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 6. Generalized palaeogeographic locations of spinosaurids (white) and the specimen of HB site (black), through time from Bajocian–Bathonian (A), Tithonian (B), Barremian−Aptian (C), and Albian−Cenomanian (D). Courtesy of Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollglobe.html), modified and actualized after Bertin (2010).

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Fig. 5 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 5. Principal components analysis of "Sue" quarry dromaeosaurid teeth. Analysis contained variables height, FABL, basal width, and denticles/ mm. PC 1 ([0.40 FABL]+[0.1 basal width]+[0.54 height]-[0.74 denticles/ mm]) explained 77.53% of the variance. PC 2 ([0.06 FABL]+[0.03 basal width]+[0.79 height]+[0.61 denticles/mm]) explained 20.17% of the variance. PC 3 ([0.91 FABL]+[0.08 basal width]-[0.29 height]+[0.28 denticles/ mm]) explained 2.30% of the variance.

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Fig. 2 in Theropod teeth from the upper Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation "Sue" Quarry: New morphotypes and faunal comparisons

Fig. 2. Scanning electron image of select theropod teeth from the late Maastrichtian "Sue" locality, USA. A–D. Dromaeosauridae: FMNH PR 2893 A), FMNH PR 2896 (B), FMNH PR 2897 (C), FMNH PR 2899 (D). E. Troodontidae: FMNH PR 2900. F. Avialae: FMNH PR 2901. G. Tyrannosauridae: FMNH PR 2902. Scale bars 1 mm (refer to Table 1 for measurements of each tooth).