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85 results for “tick data”
High frequency (tick data) of historical FOREX prices
<p>Price tick data for the most liquid Forex assets (AUDUSD, EURCAD, EURCHF, EURUSD, GBPUSD, USDJPY). The period covered 09 March 2020 to 07, September 2022. </p>
Data from: Accounting for missing ticks: Use (or lack thereof) of hierarchical models in tick ecology studies
<p>Ixodid (hard) ticks play important ecosystem roles and have significant impacts on animal and human health via tick-borne diseases and physiological stress from parasitism. Tick occurrence, abundance, behavior, and key life-history traits are highly influenced by host availability, weather, microclimate, and landscape features. As such, changes in the environment can have profound impacts on ticks, their hosts, and the spread of diseases. Researchers interested in enumerating questing ticks attempt to integrate this heterogeneity by conducting replicate sampling bouts spread over the tick questing period as common field methods notoriously underestimate ticks. However, it is unclear how (or if) tick studies account for this heterogeneity in the modeling process. This step is critical as unaccounted variance in detection can lead to biased estimates of occurrence and abundance. We performed a descriptive review to evaluate the extent to which studies account for the detection process while modeling tick data. We also categorized the types of analyses that are commonly used to model tick data. We used hierarchical models (HMs) that account for imperfect detection to analyze simulated and empirical tick data, demonstrating that inference is muddled when detection probability is not accounted for in the modeling process. Our review indicates that only 5 of 412 (1%) papers explicitly accounted for imperfect detection while modeling ticks. By comparing HMs with the most common approaches used for modeling tick data (e.g., ANOVA), we show that population estimates are biased low for simulated and empirical data when using non-HMs, and that confounding occurs due to not explicitly modeling factors that influenced both detection and abundance. Our review and analysis of simulated and empirical data shows that it is important to account for our ability to detect ticks using field methods with imperfect detection. Not doing so leads to biased estimates of occurrence and abundance which could complicate our understanding of parasite-host relationships and the spread of tick-borne diseases. We highlight the resources available for learning HM approaches and applying them to analyzing tick data.</p>
Raw data of compounds extracted by GC-MS from each population replicate's of I. uriae ticks from Iceland.
<p>Raw data representing all the compounds extracted by GC-MS from each population replicate’s of <em>I. uriae</em> ticks from three sites in Iceland. Each replicate contain a pool of 10 living flat female ticks.</p> <p>Site: name of the site where ticks were collected.</p> <p>Host: name of the host bird.</p> <p>Replicate: number of the replicate (1 to 4).</p> <p>Peak: number of the detected peaks correponding to extracted compounds.</p> <p>Retention Time: time elapsed between sample introduction and the maximum signal of the given compound.</p> <p>Area: area under the curves of each detected coumpounds on the chromatogram.</p>
Data from: A novel laboratory method to simulate climatic stress with successful application to experiments with medically relevant ticks
<p>Ticks are the most important vectors of zoonotic disease-causing pathogens in North America and Europe. Many tick species are expanding their geographic range. Although correlational evidence suggests that climate change is driving the range expansion of ticks, experimental evidence is necessary to develop a mechanistic understanding of ticks' response to a range of climatic conditions. Previous experiments used simulated microclimates, but these protocols require hazardous salts or expensive laboratory equipment to manipulate humidity. We developed a novel, safe, stable, convenient, and economical method to isolate individual ticks and manipulate their microclimates. The protocol involves placing individual ticks in plastic tubes, and placing six tubes along with a commercial two-way humidity control pack in an airtight container. We successfully used this method to investigate how humidity affects survival and host-seeking (questing) behavior of three tick species: the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), and black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis). We placed 72 adult females of each species individually into plastic tubes and separated them into three experimental relative humidity (RH) treatments representing distinct climates: 32% RH, 58% RH, and 84% RH. We assessed the survival and questing behavior of each tick for 30 days. In all three species, survivorship significantly declined in drier conditions. Questing height was negatively associated with RH in Amblyomma, positively associated with RH in Dermacentor, and not associated with RH in Ixodes. The frequency of questing behavior increased significantly with drier conditions for Dermacentor but not for Amblyomma or Ixodes. This report demonstrates an effective method for assessing the viability and host-seeking behavior of tick vectors of zoonotic diseases under different climatic conditions.</p>
Data for: Multi-omics analysis identifies symbionts and pathogens of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from a Lyme disease hotspot in southeastern Ontario, Canada
<p>Ticks in the family Ixodidae are recognized as important vectors of zoonoses including Lyme disease (LD), which is caused by spirochete bacteria from the <em>Borreliella</em> (<em>Borrelia</em>) <em>burgdorferi</em> sensu lato (<em>Bbsl</em>) complex. The blacklegged tick (<em>Ixodes scapulars</em>) continues to expand across Canada, creating hotspots of elevated LD risk at the leading edge of its expansion range. Current efforts to understand the risk of pathogen transmission associated with <em>I. scapularis</em> in Canada focus primarily on targeted screens, while variation in the tick microbiome remains poorly understood. Using multi-omics consisting of 16S metabarcoding and ribosome-depleted, whole-shotgun RNA transcriptome sequencing, we examined the microbial communities associated with adult <em>I. scapularis</em> (N = 32), sampled from four tissue types (whole tick, salivary glands, midgut, and viscera) and three geographical locations within an LD hotspot near Kingston, Ontario. The communities consisted of both endosymbiotic and known or potentially pathogenic microbes, including RNA viruses, bacteria, and a <em>Babesia</em> sp. intracellular parasite. We show that β-diversity is significantly higher between individual tick salivary gland and midgut bacterial communities, compared to whole ticks; while linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) determined that the three potentially pathogenic bacteria detected by V4 16S rDNA sequencing were also discriminatory for dissected tissues only, including a <em>Borrelia</em> from the <em>Bbsl</em> complex, <em>Borrelia miyamotoi</em>, and <em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum. </em>Importantly, we find co-infection of <em>I. scapularis</em> by multiple microbes, in contrast to diagnostic protocols for LD, which typically focus on infection from a single pathogen of interest (<em>B. burgdorferi</em> sensu stricto).</p>
Data for: Off-host survival of blacklegged ticks in eastern North America: A multi-stage, multi-year, and multi-site study
<p>Climatic conditions are widely thought to govern the distribution and abundance of ectoparasites, such as the blacklegged tick (<em>Ixodes scapularis</em>), vector of the agents of Lyme disease and other emerging human pathogens. However, translating physiological tolerances to distributional limits or mortality is challenging. Ticks may be able to avoid or tolerate unsuitable conditions, and what is lethal to one life history stage may not extend to others. Thus, even after decades of research there are clear gaps in our knowledge about how climatic conditions determine tick distributions or patterns of abundance. We present the results of a comprehensive, three-year study of the influence of local temperatures and vapor pressure deficits on the survival of each free-living, off-host stage of <em>I. scapularis</em> in semi-natural enclosures across three locations that span their current distribution in eastern North America. We found that only larvae are clearly sensitive to direct mortality from climatic conditions, specifically desiccating conditions, whereas mortality of nymphs and adults appears to stem from exhausted energy reserves. We also found strong evidence that key developmental transitions in the tick's life cycle—fed larvae molting into to nymphs, fed nymphs molting into adults, and fed females producing larvae (via egg masses)—were all strongly temperature-dependent, though temperatures were not limiting in any of our sites. Collectively, our results suggest that climate is likely to impact <em>I. scapularis</em> largely through its impact on the larval stage.</p>
Data from: Wildfire disturbance and ecological cascades: teasing apart the direct and indirect effects of fire on tick populations
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Data for: Off-host survival of blacklegged ticks in eastern North America: A multi-stage, multi-year, and multi-site study
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Data from: A novel laboratory method to simulate climatic stress with successful application to experiments with medically relevant ticks
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Data for: Multi-omics analysis identifies symbionts and pathogens of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from a Lyme disease hotspot in southeastern Ontario, Canada
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Data from: Responses of juvenile blacklegged ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) to hosts of varying quality
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Data from: Accounting for missing ticks: Use (or lack thereof) of hierarchical models in tick ecology studies
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Data from: Tick-borne disease risk in a forest food web
Changes to the community ecology of hosts for zoonotic pathogens, particularly rodents, are likely to influence the emergence and prevalence of zoonotic diseases worldwide. However, the complex interactions between abiotic factors, pathogens, vectors, hosts, and both food resources and predators of hosts are difficult to disentangle. Here we (1) use 19 years of data from six large field plots in southeastern New York to compare the effects of hypothesized drivers of interannual variation in Lyme disease risk, including the abundance of acorns, rodents, and deer, as well as a series of climate variables; and (2) employ landscape epidemiology to explore how variation in predator community structure and forest cover influences spatial variation in the infection prevalence of ticks for the Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, and two other important tick-borne pathogens, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti. Acorn-driven increases in the abundance of mice were correlated with a lagged increase in the abundance of questing nymph-stage Ixodes scapularis ticks infected with Lyme disease bacteria. Abundance of white-tailed deer two years prior also correlated with increased density of infected nymphal ticks, although the effect was weak. Density of rodents in the current year was a strong negative predictor of nymph density, apparently because high current abundance of these hosts can remove nymphs from the host-seeking population. Warm, dry spring or winter weather was associated with reduced density of infected nymphs. At the landscape scale, the presence of functionally diverse predator communities or of bobcats, the only obligate carnivore, was associated with reduced infection prevalence of I. scapularis nymphs with all three zoonotic pathogens. In the case of Lyme disease, infection prevalence increased where coyotes were present but smaller predators were displaced or otherwise absent. For all pathogens, infection prevalence was lowest when forest cover within a 1km radius was high. Taken together, our results suggest that a food web perspective including bottom-up and top-down forcing is needed to understand drivers of tick-borne disease risk, a result that may also apply to other rodent-borne zoonoses. Prevention of exposure based on ecological indicators of heightened risk should help protect public health.
Data from: The dataset of ticks in South America
The datasets of records of the distribution of ticks are invaluable tools to understand the phylogenetic patterns of evolution of ticks and the abiotic traits to which they are associated. Such datasets require an exhaustive collection of bibliographical references. In most cases, it is necessary the confirmation of reliable identification of ticks, together with an update of the scientific names of the vertebrate hosts. For some biogeographic regions, these data are not easily available, because many records were published in the so-called "grey literature". We introduce the Dataset of Ticks in South America, a repository that collates data on more than 7,000 records of ticks, together with a set of abiotic traits, curated from satellite-derived information over the complete target region. The dataset includes data about ticks collected on wild hosts, with a special chapter devoted to species of cattle. It includes details of the phylogenetic relationships of the species of hosts, to provide researchers with both the biotic and abiotic traits, driving the distribution of ticks in South America.
Data from: Variation in prevalence and intensity of macroparasites in moose and their interactions with winter tick load in eastern Canada
<p>Wild animals are infected with a large diversity and abundance of parasites that can affect their behavior, growth, body condition, and ultimately their survival. Although the adverse effects of parasites and the mechanisms involved in the interactions between a host and its parasites are generally well studied, much less is known about the additive or synergistic effects of multiple parasite species on a host. Moose populations in eastern Canada are infected by several species of endoparasites. In the last decades, the intensity of infestations by winter ticks, an ectoparasite, on moose have increased as a result of increased moose densities and favorable weather conditions that benefit winter tick survival. We aimed to document the diversity, intensity, prevalence, and distribution of different parasite species of moose in southern Quebec, Canada. We then evaluated the potential interaction between winter tick and endoparasites of moose, and we evaluated the effect of the simultaneous presence of ticks and endoparasites on moose body condition. To do so, we collected organs to identify and count endoparasite species, estimate winter tick abundance, and measure subcutaneous fat thickness from 174 hunted moose in fall 2019 in 8 regions of Quebec. Our results showed that the prevalence and intensity of winter tick and gastrointestinal parasites differed among regions, as well as the prevalence of the heart parasite <em>Taenia krabbei</em> and the intensity of lung parasite <em>Echinoccocus granulosus</em>. Moose body condition, however, was not influenced by the simultaneous presence of winter tick and endoparasites. The documentation of the interactive effects of multiple parasite species on a host is fundamental given that future environmental conditions in temperate climate will favor the reproduction, development, and survival of several parasite species, which could affect parasite diversity and abundance in the environment and modify host-parasite dynamics.</p>
Data from: Climatic stress decreases tick survival but increases rate of host-seeking behavior
<p>Ticks are vectors of many diseases and are expanding in geographic distribution. However, how ticks will fare in their new environments where they may experience stressful climatic conditions at the expansion front remains unclear. Since there is a trade-off in ticks between behaviors that promote longevity and behaviors that promote reproduction, we hypothesized that extreme climatic stress reduces the survivorship of ticks but increases the frequency of tick host-seeking behavior or questing. Here, we used a novel method to simulate climatic stress on individual ticks of three species – Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis – to evaluate their survival, physiology, and questing behavior. The first experiment involved placing 144 adult ticks of each species in two temperature ranges (15-25 °C and 25-35 °C) and three relative humidity treatments (32% RH, 58% RH, and 84% RH). We assessed the ticks daily for survivorship and questing, and we measured water loss by comparing the mass of each tick when it died to when it was fully hydrated. In this first experiment, ticks in warmer and less humid conditions generally died faster than in cooler and more humid conditions. Ticks of all three species were more likely to quest shortly before their death and consistently died after losing approximately 50-56% of total body water content, but Ixodes reached that threshold much faster than the other two species. The second experiment involved placing 18 ticks of each species at 35 °C and 32% RH. We assessed the ticks every three hours for survivorship, questing, and water loss. Ticks again were more likely to quest shortly before their death. With frequent checks, we were able to measure the dehydration tolerance more accurately and the rate of water loss. Ticks of all three species consistently died after losing approximately 51% of total body water content. However, Ixodes lost water approximately 5× faster than Amblyomma and 11× faster than Dermacentor. These results demonstrate that severe climatic stress tilts the trade-off toward higher questing rates, but not higher overall questing time because of reduced survival rates. Further investigations of ticks' behavioral and physiological responses to abiotic stress are necessary to develop robust models of how climate change will affect the transmission of tick-borne diseases.</p>
APHIS Asian Longhorned Tick Observation Data 2010-2020
<p>NVSL tick observation data from APHIS (NVSL, 2020). NVSL is a national dataset of passive surveillance observations of tick species that impact animal health. NVSL samples are submitted when a suspected ALT is observed by regulatory field veterinarians, state and university diagnostic laboratories, and Food Safety and Inspection Service veterinarians. Data was collected from host animals, including humans, and environmental sources such as tick drags, carbon dioxide (CO2) traps, and animal inspections. Ticks identified on animals that were recently imported into the U.S. are not included. The first observation of ALT occurred in August 2010 and data is current as of November 2020. Data includes tick species, date, state, source (environment vs host) and number of ALT by life stage.</p>
Raw 16S data taken from Ixodes scapularis ticks in the US Midwest 2017-2019
<p>Raw 16S data from Ixodes scapularis ticks in the US Midwest 2017-2019. See https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.06.515366v1 for the methods used to generate this data</p>
Data from: Variation in prevalence and intensity of macroparasites in moose and their interactions with winter tick load in eastern Canada
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Data from: Beyond Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Investigation of the presence and diversity of spotted fever <em>Rickettsia</em> species in ticks submitted from forestry workers
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