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8 results for “toe pad”
Data from: Tempo and mode of performance evolution across multiple independent origins of adhesive toe pads in lizards
Understanding macroevolutionary dynamics of trait evolution is an important endeavor in evolutionary biology. Ecological opportunity can liberate a trait as it diversifies through trait space, while genetic and selective constraints can limit diversification. While many studies have examined the dynamics of morphological traits, diverse morphological traits may yield the same or similar performance and as performance is often more proximately the target of selection, examining only morphology may give an incomplete understanding of evolutionary dynamics. Here we ask whether convergent evolution of pad-bearing lizards have followed similar evolutionary dynamics, or whether independent origins are accompanied by unique constraints and selective pressures over macroevolutionary time. We hypothesized that geckos and anoles each have unique evolutionary tempos and modes. Using performance data from 59 species, we modified Brownian Motion (BM) and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) models to account for repeated origins estimated using Bayesian ancestral state reconstructions. We discovered that adhesive performance in geckos evolved in a fashion consistent with Brownian Motion with a trend, whereas anoles evolved in bounded performance space consistent with more constrained evolution (an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model). Our results suggest that convergent phenotypes can have quite distinctive evolutionary patterns, likely as a result of idiosyncratic constraints or ecological opportunities.
FIGURE 4 in A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar
FIGURE 4. Ventral view of toes I–IV (toe I at upper right). What appear to be clumped adhesive setae are visible on the more distal lamellae of toes II and III.
FIGURE 1 in A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Cretaceogekko burmae; ventral view of section of basal tail (above) and left hind leg (lower right); what appear to be toes I–III of the isolated right foot are visible in dorsal view distal to the tail section (upper left).
FIGURES 2, 3 in A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar
FIGURES 2, 3. Ventral views of left crus and foot of Cretaceogekko burmae with different illumination.
Data from: Tempo and mode of performance evolution across multiple independent origins of adhesive toe pads in lizards
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Data from: On heels and toes: how ants climb with adhesive pads and tarsal friction hair arrays
Ants are able to climb effortlessly on vertical and inverted smooth surfaces. When climbing, their feet touch the substrate not only with their pretarsal adhesive pads but also with dense arrays of fine hairs on the ventral side of the 3rd and 4th tarsal segments. To understand what role these different attachment structures play during locomotion, we analysed leg kinematics and recorded single-leg ground reaction forces in Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) climbing vertically on a smooth glass substrate. We found that the ants engaged different attachment structures depending on whether their feet were above or below their Centre of Mass (CoM). Legs above the CoM pulled and engaged the arolia ('toes'), whereas legs below the CoM pushed with the 3rd and 4th tarsomeres ('heels') in surface contact. Legs above the CoM carried a significantly larger proportion of the body weight than legs below the CoM. Force measurements on individual ant tarsi showed that friction increased with normal load as a result of the bending and increasing side contact of the tarsal hairs. On a rough sandpaper substrate, the tarsal hairs generated higher friction forces in the pushing than in the pulling direction, whereas no such effect was found on the smooth substrate. When the tarsal hairs were pushed, buckling was observed for forces exceeding the shear forces found in climbing ants. Adhesion forces were small but not negligible, and similar on both substrates. Our results indicate that the dense tarsal hair arrays produce friction forces when pressed against the substrate, and help the ants to push outwards during horizontal and vertical walking.
FIGURE 5 in A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar
FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of left foot of Cretaceogekko burmae (toe I on left).
Data from: On heels and toes: how ants climb with adhesive pads and tarsal friction hair arrays
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