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48 results for “torpor”
Data from: Ecological drivers and consequences of torpor in Andean hummingbirds
<p>This data package accompanies the paper "Ecological drivers and consequences of torpor in Andean hummingbirds", doi: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2099</p>
Data from: Reversal of the adipostat control of torpor during migration in hummingbirds
<p>Many small endotherms use torpor to reduce metabolic rate and manage daily energy balance. However, the physiological "rules" that govern torpor use are unclear. We tracked torpor use and body composition in ruby-throated hummingbirds (<i>Archilochus colubris</i>), a long-distance migrant, throughout the summer using respirometry and quantitative magnetic resonance. During the mid-summer, birds entered torpor at consistently low fat stores (~5% of body mass), and torpor duration was negatively related to evening fat load. Remarkably, this energy-emergency strategy was abandoned in the late summer when birds accumulated fat for migration. Migrating birds were more likely to enter torpor on nights when they had higher fat stores, and fat gain was positively correlated with the amount of torpor used. These findings demonstrate the versatility of torpor throughout the annual cycle and suggest a fundamental change in physiological feedback between adiposity and torpor during migration. Moreover, this study highlights the underappreciated importance of facultative heterothermy in migratory ecology.</p>
Data from: Reversal of the adipostat control of torpor during migration in hummingbirds
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Hummingbird torpor in context: duration, more than temperature, is the key to nighttime energy savings
Torpor is an important energy saving strategy in some small birds, but it has rarely been studied in natural field conditions. We compared torpor use across 43 wild-caught individuals of eight hummingbird species across sites with different natural temperature regimes. Most laboratory studies focus on the relationship between metabolic rate and temperature, but our aim was to evaluate what environmental factors most influence hummingbird nighttime energy management under natural conditions. We found that the probability of an individual entering torpor was weakly correlated with mass but unrelated to nighttime temperature and that hummingbirds at both warm, tropical and cooler, temperate sites used torpor. Energy savings in torpor were maximized as ambient temperatures approached a species' minimum body temperature, consistent with laboratory studies; energy savings ranged between 65-92% of energy per hour in torpor compared to normothermy. However, regardless of the degree of energy savings in torpor, variation in total nighttime energy expenditure was most significantly influenced by torpor bout duration. Lab studies largely assess the effect of temperature on torpor use, but our findings indicate that other environmental conditions are more important in determining hummingbirds' total nighttime energy expenditure under natural temperature cycles. Our results show that a small endotherm's nighttime energy management in its natural habitat is more affected by torpor bout duration, which is linked to photoperiod, than by temperature. This result suggests that in their natural environments hummingbirds are able to save energy in torpor across a range of nighttime temperatures, indicating that they may have sufficient physiological flexibility to tolerate climatic variation.
Data, code, and metadata for: Daily torpor reduces the energetic consequences of microhabitat selection for a widespread bat
<p>This repository contains all data, code, and metadata required to reproduce the results detailed in "Daily torpor reduces the energetic consequences of microhabitat selection for a widespread bat" by Alston et al.</p>
Torpor use in the wild by one of the world's largest bats
<p>Torpor is widespread among bats, presumably because most species are small and torpor greatly reduces their high mass-specific resting energy expenditure, especially in the cold. Torpor has not been recorded in any bat species larger than 50 g, yet in theory could be beneficial even in the world's largest bats (flying foxes; <em>Pteropus</em> spp.) that are exposed to adverse environmental conditions associated with energy bottlenecks. We used temperature telemetry to measure body temperature in wild-living adult male grey-headed flying foxes (<em>P. poliocephalus</em>; mean body mass: 799 g) during winter in southern Australia. We found that all individuals used torpor while day-roosting, with body temperatures as low as 27 °C. Torpor was recorded during cold, wet, and windy weather, strongly suggesting it is an adaptation to reduce energy expenditure during periods of increased thermoregulatory costs and depleted body energy stores. Our study has implications for our understanding of the distribution, behavioural ecology, and life history of flying foxes. Furthermore, our discovery increases the body mass of bats known to use torpor by more than tenfold and extends the documented use of this energy-saving strategy under wild conditions to all bat superfamilies, with important implications for the evolutionary maintenance of torpor among bats and other mammals.</p>
The hummingbird’s Adipostat: Can a Simple Rule Explain Torpor Frequency and Duration in Hummingbirds?
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Hummingbird torpor in context: duration, more than temperature, is the key to nighttime energy savings
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Torpor use in the wild by one of the world's largest bats
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Data from: Cold-hearted bats: uncoupling of heart rate and metabolism during torpor at subzero temperatures
Many hibernating animals thermoregulate during torpor and defend their body temperature (Tb) below 10°C by an increase in metabolic rate. Above a critical temperature (Tcrit) animals usually thermoconform. We investigated the physiological responses above and below Tcrit for a small tree dwelling bat (Chalinolobus gouldii, ~14 g) that is often exposed to subzero temperatures during winter. Through simultaneous measurement of heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) we show that the relationship between oxygen transport and cardiac function is substantially altered in thermoregulating torpid bats between 1 and -2°C, compared with thermoconforming torpid bats at mild ambient temperatures (Ta 5-20°C). Tcrit for this species was Ta 0.7 ± 0.4°C, with a corresponding Tb of 1.8 ± 1.2°C. Below Tcrit animals began to thermoregulate, indicated by a considerable but disproportionate increase in both HR and V̇O2. The maximum increase in HR was only 4-fold greater than the average thermoconforming minimum, compared to a 46-fold increase in V̇O2. The differential response of HR and V̇O2 to low Ta was reflected in a 15-fold increase in oxygen delivery per heart beat (cardiac oxygen pulse). During torpor at low Ta, thermoregulating bats maintained a relatively slow HR and compensated for increased metabolic demands by significantly increasing stroke volume and tissue oxygen extraction. Our study provides new information on the relationship between metabolism and HR in an unstudied physiological state that may occur frequently in the wild and can be extremely costly for heterothermic animals.
Data from: Thermoregulation in free-ranging ground woodpeckers Geocolaptes olivaceus: no evidence of torpor
Heterothermic responses characterised by pronounced hypometabolism and reductions in body temperature (Tb) are one of the most effective ways in which small endotherms can offset the energetic cost of endothermic homeothermy. It remains unclear, therefore, why daily torpor and hibernation are restricted to only a subset of avian lineages. To further our understanding of the phylogenetic distribution of avian torpor, we investigated winter thermoregulation in the Southern African ground woodpecker (Geocolaptes olivaceus). We considered this species a good candidate for heterothermy, because it is resident year-round in mountainous regions with cold winters and reliant on small ectothermic prey. We recorded Tb patterns in free-ranging individuals and measured Tb and metabolic rates in captive individuals. Neither free-ranging nor captive woodpeckers showed any indication of daily torpor or even shallow rest-phase hypothermia. All birds maintained bimodally distributed Tb characteristic of classic endothemic homeothermy, with a mean rest-phase Tb of 37.9 ± 0.2 °C and no data below 37.0 °C. The mean circadian amplitude of Tb was 4.2 °C, equivalent to approximately twice the expected value. There was some evidence of seasonal acclimatisation in Tb, with a small decrease in rest-phase Tb with the onset of the austral winter. Captive birds showed patterns of resting metabolic rate and Tb consistent with the classic model of endothermic homeothermy. The apparent absence of torpor in G. olivaceus supports the notion that, unlike the case in mammals, many avian taxa that may a priori be expected to benefit from deep heterothermy do not use it.
Data from: Combinations of reproductive, individual, and weather effects best explain torpor patterns among female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)
Heterothermic mammals can use torpor, a state of metabolic suppression, to conserve energy during times of limited food and poor environmental conditions. Females may use torpor throughout gestation and lactation; however, there are associated physiological and ecological costs with potential fitness consequences. Previous studies have controlled for, but not quantified the impact of interindividual variation on torpor patterns and understanding this may provide insight on why certain thermoregulatory responses are employed. The objective of this study was to identify and quantitatively characterize the intrinsic variables and weather conditions that best explain variation in torpor patterns among individual female little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus. We used temperature‐sensitive radio‐transmitters affixed to females to measure skin temperature patterns of 35 individuals roosting in bat boxes in the spring and summer. We used Bayesian multi‐model inference to rank a priori‐selected models and variables based on their explanatory power. Reproductive condition and interindividual effects best explained torpor duration and depth, and weather best explained torpor frequency. Of the reproductive conditions, lactating females used torpor for the shortest durations and at shallower depths (i.e., smallest drop in minimum Tsk), while females in early spring (i.e., not‐obviously‐pregnant) used torpor for the longest and deepest. Among individuals, the greatest difference in effects on duration occurred between pregnant individuals, suggesting interindividual variation within reproductive condition. Increases in precipitation and wind were associated with a higher probability of torpor use. Our results provide further support that multiple variables explain torpor patterns and highlight the importance of including individual effects when studying thermoregulatory patterns in heterothermic species.
Data from: Heart rate reveals torpor at high body temperatures in lowland tropical free-tailed bats
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Data from: Thermoregulation in free-ranging ground woodpeckers Geocolaptes olivaceus: no evidence of torpor
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Data from: Combinations of reproductive, individual, and weather effects best explain torpor patterns among female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)
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Data from: Cold-hearted bats: uncoupling of heart rate and metabolism during torpor at subzero temperatures
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Data from: Post-fire recovery of torpor and activity patterns of a small mammal
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Body size and environment influence both intraspecific and interspecific variation in daily torpor use across hummingbirds
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Metabolic rates and growth data for: Do small precocial birds enter torpor to conserve energy during development?
<p>Precocial birds hatch feathered and mobile, but when they become fully endothermic soon after hatching, their heat loss is high and they may become energy-depleted. These chicks could benefit from using energy-conserving torpor, which is characterised by controlled reductions of metabolism and body temperature (T<sub>b</sub>). We investigated at what age the precocial king quail <i>Cortunix chinensis</i> can defend a high T<sub>b</sub> under a mild thermal challenge and whether they can express torpor soon after achieving endothermy to overcome energetic and thermal challenges. Measurements of surface temperature (T<sub>s</sub>) using an infrared thermometer showed that king quail chicks are partially endothermic at 2-10 days, but can defend high T<sub>b</sub> at a body mass of ~13 g. Two chicks expressed shallow nocturnal torpor at 14 and 17 days for 4 to 5 hours with a reduction of metabolism by > 40% and another approached torpor threshold. Although chicks were able to rewarm endogenously from the first torpor bout, metabolism and T<sub>s</sub> decreased again by the end of the night, but they rewarmed passively when removed from the chamber. The total metabolic rate increased with body mass. All chicks measured showed a greater reduction of nocturnal metabolism than previously reported in quails. Our data show that shallow torpor can be expressed during the early postnatal phase of quails, when thermoregulatory efficiency is still developing, but heat loss is high. We suggest that torpor may be a common strategy for overcoming challenging conditions during the development in small precocial and not only altricial birds.</p>
Dataset: Tropical bats counter heat by combining torpor with adaptive hyperthermia
<p>Many tropical mammals are vulnerable to heat because their water budget limits the use of evaporative cooling for heat compensation. Further increasing temperatures and aridity might consequently exceed their thermoregulatory capacities. Here, we describe two novel modes of torpor, a response usually associated with cold or resource bottlenecks, as efficient mechanisms to counter heat. We conducted a field study on the Malagasy bat <i>Macronycteris commersoni</i> resting in foliage during the hot season, unprotected from environmental extremes. On warm days, the bats alternated between remarkably short micro-torpor-bouts and normal resting metabolism within few minutes. On hot days, the bats extended their torpor bouts over the hottest time of the day while tolerating body temperatures up to 42.9°C. Adaptive hyperthermia combined with lowered metabolic heat production from torpor allows higher heat storage from the environment, negates the need for evaporative cooling and thus increases heat tolerance. However, it is a high-risk response as the torpid bats cannot defend body temperature if ambient temperature increases above a critical/lethal threshold. Torpor coupled with hyperthermia and micro-torpor-bouts broaden our understanding of the basic principles of thermal physiology and demonstrate how mammals can perform near their upper thermal limits in an increasingly warmer world.</p>
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