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113 results for “tree canopy”
Tree Canopy Leaf Area Index in CRUI Land Use Project at Harvard Forest 1997
Numerous variables related to land use disturbance and recovery processes can influence forest composition and structure. We’ve measured differences in forest communities in six sites that were formerly plowed, pastured, or continuously forested woodlots in Prospect Hill. None of the sites had noticeable canopy gap disturbance at the time of the measurements. Leaf area index (LAI) was measured with an LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer (Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE) at all 77 edge and interior intersection points in the 30 m x 50 m permanent plot (7 columns x 11 rows) in 5 of our 6 land use sites. Under-canopy measurements were made in each site over 25-30 minutes during midday hours (11:00-2:30 EST) on overcast days near solstice (June 13, 18). The under-canopy readings were contrasted with an open-sky measurement taken in an open field near the Harvard Forest headquarters just before beginning data collection in each site. LAI averaged 3.98 and ranged from 2.28 to 5.93 across all sites. W1 had the highest site-level mean (4.62) and maximum (5.93) LAI while S2 had the lowest values (mean = 3.41, max = 4.55). The woodlot also showed the greatest spatial variation as measured by C.V., while plow #1 showed the least variation.
PhenoCam Images and Canopy Phenology at the Harvard Forest Witness Tree since 2014
The PhenoCam Network uses imagery from digital cameras to track vegetation phenology and seasonal changes in vegetation activity in diverse ecosystems across North America and around the world. Imagery is uploaded to the PhenoCam server at the University of New Hampshire, where it is made publicly available in near-real time, every 30 minutes from sunrise to sunset, 365 days a year. The data are processed using simple image analysis tools to yield a measure of canopy greenness, from which phenological metrics are extracted, characterizing the start and end of the growing season. These transition dates have been shown to align well with on-the-ground observations of tree phenology at Harvard Forest (HF003). Long-term PhenoCam data can be used to track the impact of climate variability and change on the rhythm of the seasons. This dataset contains one mid-day image for each camera. Please see the PhenoCam Network website (https://phenocam.nau.edu/webcam/) for more information and additional images.
Carbon Isotope and Ring Width Measurements from Tree Rings of Selected Canopy Species at Six Sites in the Eastern United States
Forest Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is defined as the ratio of carbon uptake per unit water vapor loss via transpiration. Micrometeorological measurements suggest that forest WUE has dramatically increased over the last two decades, in excess of what would be expected from increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Coinciding with observed trends in forest WUE have been marked decreases in acid deposition throughout much of North America and Europe. There is evidence that acid deposition may impact forest WUE, either by altering the availability of nutrients in forest soils or by directly affecting foliar physiology. Changes in WUE could also lead to changes in stream discharge from forested catchments. The hypothesized response of forests to changing levels of acid deposition is not currently considered in the land surface components of global climate models (GCMs). Since carbon dioxide and water vapor are the two most important greenhouse gases, it is vital to accurately model their land-atmosphere exchange. This research uses a catchment-based approach to investigate the effects of changing acid deposition on forest WUE. Tree ring carbon isotopes reconstruct historical WUE time series within six catchments that have been differentially impacted by acid deposition due to distinctions between their underlying bedrock mineralogy and geological histories. The research also capitalizes on experimental treatments that have altered soil biogeochemistry in paired catchment designs (Bear Brook, ME; Hubbard Brook, NH; and Fernow Experimental Forest, WV). Additional watersheds that vary in underlying bedrock chemistry are also used in this research to examine tree-ring WUE time series as natural experiments along a base-cation gradient. These watersheds include Sleepers River, VT; Hubbard Brook, NH; Cone Pond Watershed, NH; and Shenandoah National Park, VA.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Relations of the O-horizon with canopy tree species and hydropedologic soil types, 2021
As the interface between plants and soil, the organic horizon is the foundation of forest ecosystems. Two potential predictors of O-layer properties, vegetation and mineral soil type, are difficult to separate because they typically covary. We conducted a factorial study involving four canopy tree species and two soil types with distinctly different hydrology and topographic position to parse patterns in chemistry and microbiota of the O-layer in a north-temperate deciduous forest. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Data from paper: "Large-scale variations in the dynamics of Amazon forest canopy gaps from airborne lidar data and opportunities for tree mortality estimates"
<p>Data from the paper:</p> <p>Dalagnol, R. <em>et al.</em> Large-scale variations in the dynamics of Amazon forest canopy gaps from airborne lidar data and opportunities for tree mortality estimates. <em>Sci Rep</em> <strong>11, </strong>1388 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80809-w</p> <p>Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-80809-w</p> <p> </p> <p>This repository contains:</p> <p>1) Data frame with data from static and dynamic gaps used in Figure 2 (Dalagnol_2020_Data_Multitemporal_gaps.csv). Each row is the aggregated measurement at 5-km resolution. The site component referes to the five site studied with multitemporal data. Site order from 1 to 5 is DUC, TAP, FN1, BON and TAL.</p> <p>2) Data frame with data from static gaps and environmental factors used in Table 1, Figure 3, 4, 5 (Dalagnol_2020_Data_Singledate_gaps_Modeling.csv). Each row is the aggregated measurement of one site observed by airborne lidar data.</p> <p>3) Raster file at 5-km resolution with dynamic gap fraction estimates presented in Figure 5 (dynamic_gap_fraction_amazon.tif).</p> <p> </p> <p>If you need anything else, please contact the corresponding author: Ricardo Dalagnol (ricds@hotmail.com).</p>
Native tree growth and reproduction in response to reduction in the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) canopy at Palmyra Atoll
These data describe competition for light (open solar path) between introduced coconut palm trees (Cocos nucifera) and native tree species between 2004 and 2008 at Palmyra Atoll, Northern Line Islands, Pacific Ocean. Data are contained in one table, including values from the start, end, and intermediate samples. The dataset measures the change in tree growth (DBH and height) and reproductive potential (flower and fruit production) in relation to time and open solar path value. Two treatments are considered: OSP values less than 50% created by C. nucifera removal, and OSP values greater than 50%.
Tree species, diameter, and canopy class records for 4-paired plots in Black Rock Forest, NY, since 1931.
Black Rock Forest maintains eight long-term forest monitoring plots in Cornwall, NY. Four pairs of plots were established in 1931 to compare thinning treatments to nearby control plots. Four plots are approximately 0.25 acres and the other four are 0.1 acres. Tree species, diameter at breast height, height and canopy class have been measured on all stems greater than 1 inch in diameter since 1931. Plots were revisited every five years until the 1990s and annually after 1994.
Vertical tree air temperature measurements within the canopy of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, 2011-2019
Vertical air temperature from 11 trees in the Andrews Forest has been collecting beginning in 2011. The trees are at a variety of elevations and are of various species and ages. The 11 trees were selected form the H.J Andrews phenology study air temperature network (MS045). This study examines air temperatures at multiple heights in each tree. The first sensor is at 1.5 m and subsequent sensors measure every 5 m up the tree. Each sensor includes a light (illumination) sensor, which can be used to assess the value of the data. This is not a measurement of the actual light conditions.
Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities; data in support of Locke et al 2021 in npj Urban Sustainability
Our goal in this paper is to examine whether there are similar patterns in the distribution of tree canopy by Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) graded neighborhoods across 37 cities. A pre-print of the paper can be found here: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/97zcs This data packages contains: 1. City-specific file geodatabases with features classes of the HOLC polygons obtained from the Mapping Inequality Project https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/, and tables summarizing tree canopy, and in some cases other land cover classes. 2. An *.R script that replicates all of the analyses, graphs, and tables in the paper. Other double checks, exploratory, and miscellaneous outputs are created by the script too as a bonus. Everything in the paper can be done with the script; additional work outputs are also created. 3. A *.csv file containing city, the HOLC grade, and the percent tree canopy cover. This can be used to create the main findings of the paper and this flat file is provided as an alternative to running the R script to extract information from the geodatabases, combine, and analyze them. The intention is that this file is more widely accessible; the underlying information is the same. Redlining was a racially discriminatory housing policy established by the federal government’s Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930s. For decades, redlining limited access to homeownership and wealth creation among racial minorities, contributing to a host of adverse social outcomes, including high unemployment, poverty, and residential vacancy, that persist today. While the multigenerational socioeconomic impacts of redlining are increasingly understood, the impacts on urban environments and ecosystems remains unclear. To begin to address this gap, we investigated how the HOLC policy administered 80 years ago may relate to present-day tree canopy at the neighborhood level. Urban trees provide many ecosystem services, mitigate the urban heat island effect
Tree survey:Effects of Long Term Fertilization and Oak Canopy Cover on Plant Communities and Ecosystem Processes
In 1996 E142 was established in field D on top of the E004 macroplots. E004 was conducted in fields A, B, C and D by Dave Tilman. The purpose of E004 was to see what effect NH4NO3 addition has on large areas over a longer period of time with exposure to naturally-occurring levels of herbivory. The nutrient addition treatments in E004, E142 plots have been applied annually since 1982. These experiments, along with others at Cedar Creek, examine the community and ecosystem consequences of chronic nutrient loading.
canopy herbivory and leaf traits of tree communities in tropical montane rainforests of southern Ecuador
This dataset contains herbivory data estimated as leaf area loss [cm²] and [%] and several leaf traits measured either conventionally or via spectral sensing-based techniques from canopies of tree communities in tropical montane rainforests of the Andes in southern Ecuador between February and March in 2019. The data were used by Schön et al. (in prep) to evaluate whether leaf traits are valuable indicators of canopy herbivory mainly caused by arthropods and further, whether chemical leaf traits estimated via spectral sensing-based techniques have similar strong relations to herbivory as leaf traits measured conventionally. Herbivory was estimated with the software WinFOLIA ™ 2019a from scanned mature and sun-exposed leaves of tree canopies. Spectral sensing-based leaf traits comprising secondary plant metabolites and both structural and nutritional cell components were estimated from leaves with an OceanOptics spectrometer HDX. Conventionally measured leaf traits comprising morphological and nutritional traits were derived by applying both elemental and morphometrical analyses (e.g., ICP analysis, a digital micrometer and penetrometer). For detailed descriptions of the methodology see Schön et al. (in prep), Homeier et al. (2021), and Limberger et al. (2021). Research was conducted by the subprojects A1, B1, and B4 within the framework of the RESPECT project (Environmental changes in biodiversity hotspot ecosystems of South Ecuador: RESPonse and feedback effECTs) funded by the DFG with the grant numbers: BE1780/51-1, BE1780/51-2, Ho3296/6-1, FA 925/11-1, FA 925/11-2, FA 925/16-1, BR1293/17-1.
Tree species identity, diameter and qualitative canopy health measurements (full, partial or dead) from 2005 to 2023 on 12 experimental oak loss plots in Black Rock Forest, NY.
Black Rock Forest established a series of 12, 0.56 ha plots in 2005 to assess impacts of the loss of tree in the genus Quercus on the forest ecosystem (entitled the Future of Oak Forests experiment). Three trunk girdling treatments, with control plots were instituted in 2008. Each plot also contained an ~10m by ~15m deer exclosure to assess the impact of herbivory post-disturbance. Trees were measured twice per year from 2008 to 2013 (except 2009 when trees were measured once) and once per year from 2014 to 2023. Data include tree species identity, diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy health (a qualitative assessment of approximate cover as full, partial or dead), presence/absence of sprouts, and location within the plot. All live trees equal to or larger than 2.5 cm DBH are included in the dataset.
Distribution and abundance of canopy trees in floodplain forests of the Wisconsin River 1999 - 2001
The Wisconsin River Floodplain Project aimed to identify landscape indicators that are well correlated with specific aspects of ecological function. This is a crucial research need requiring an integrated approach that combines landscape monitoring with field studies. Large river-floodplain systems are among the most diverse and dynamic landscapes in the US, providing many important societal values, but relatively little effort has been devoted to development and testing of landscape indicators for these systems. We developed and tested ecological indicators for large river-floodplain landscapes along reaches of the Wisconsin River to determine which landscape metrics are most useful for monitoring population, community and ecosystem processes in large river-floodplain landscapes. Spatially extensive field sampling was combined with landscape analysis in nine reaches of the Wisconsin River sampling to quantify the ability of landscape indicators to predict ecological variables over broad scales. Landscape indicators were evaluated by their utility for detecting changes in the structure and function of the Wisconsin River floodplain landscape that were related to modification of the natural flow regime, historical land use, and current land-use patterns. Our field studies were concentrated in floodplain forest in nine 12 to 20-km reaches along the lower 400 km of the Wisconsin River.
Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer
As cities warm and the need for climate adaptation strategies increases, a more detailed understanding of the cooling effects of land-cover across a continuum of spatial scales will be necessary to guide management decisions. We asked how tree canopy cover and impervious surface cover interact to influence daytime and nighttime summer air temperature, and how effects vary with the spatial scale at which land-cover data are analyzed (10, 30, 60 and 90-m radii). A bicycle-mounted measurement system was used to sample air temperature every 5 m along 10 transects (about 7 km length, sampled 3-12 times each) spanning a range of impervious and tree canopy cover (0 to 100%, each) in a mid-sized city in the Upper Midwest, USA. Variability in daytime air temperature within the urban landscape averaged 3.5 degreeC (range 1.1 to 5.7 degreeC). Temperature decreased nonlinearly with increasing canopy cover, with the greatest cooling when canopy cover exceeded 40%. The magnitude of daytime cooling also increased with spatial scale, and was greatest at the size of a typical city block (60-90 m). Daytime air temperature increased linearly with increasing impervious cover, but the magnitude of warming was less than the cooling associated with increased canopy cover. Variation in nighttime air temperature averaged 2.1C (range 1.2 to 3.0 degreeC), and temperature increased with impervious surface. Effects of canopy were limited at night; thus, reduction of impervious surfaces remains critical for reducing nighttime urban heat. Results suggest strategies for managing urban land-cover patterns to enhance resilience of cities to climate warming.
Probing the mechanisms by which sub-canopy evergreen shrubs inhibit tree seedling recruitment at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1999 to 2003
Two hundred 2x2 meter plots along transects and traversing 3 understory conditions; rhododendron, kalmia, open. Light conditions will be assessed for each plot and the extreme 50% will be used for experimentation. All plots will be planted to a combination of northern red oak, chestnut oak, red maple, and pitch pine. Inoculated (with mychorrizae) and non-inoculated seedlings will be planted in the plots. Relationships between performance and mychorrizal infection will be determined.
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Canopy Temperature and Combined Urban Tree Index (CUTI), 2018-2021
This dataset includes a series of raster datasets of canopy temperature across Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN at a resolution of approximately 70 meters. There are data from five different warm, summer afternoons from 2018-2021. The canopy temperature data was derived from ECOSTRESS Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity data and high-resolution land cover data using a downscaling approach. Canopy temperature acts as a proxy of canopy health and function, with higher temperatures indicative of higher stress and lower function in the canopy. For each image, we also compute the combined urban tree index (CUTI), a metric we developed that provides an indication of relative benefits from urban canopy which arise from a combination of the amount and function/health of urban canopy (based on the canopy temperature). CUTI ranges from 0-1, with high values indicating areas likely experiencing greater canopy benefits due to greater canopy cover and better canopy health/function.
Comparative physiology of canopy tree leaves in evergreen and deciduous forests in lowland Thailand
<p><span>Three major forest types in lowland Thailand and its adjacent parts in Southeast Asia are mixed deciduous forest (MDF), dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) and dry evergreen forest (DEF). We report the leaf physiology of canopy trees in these forests. The leaf mass-based photosynthetic rates (<em>A</em><sub>max</sub>), stomatal conductance (<em>G</em><sub>max</sub>) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency were significantly different between the deciduous forests (MDF and DDF) and the evergreen forest (DEF). The canopy trees of MDF with thick, eutrophic soils had the highest intrinsic water use efficiency (<em>A</em><sub>max</sub>/<em>G</em><sub>max</sub>) among the forest types. Forest-to-forest variations in leaf mass area were related to different nutrient use strategies (less vs. more conservative) associated with different soil nutrients rather than with leaf phenology/longevity. In the interspecific variations within each forest, <em>A</em><sub>max</sub> in MDF and DEF was limited by foliar phosphate, whereas that in DDF was limited by foliar nitrogen. The close association between leaf physiology and soil properties suggests that climate change and increasing human impacts will disrupt this association, leading to forest degradation and dysfunction.</span></p>
Comparative physiology of canopy tree leaves in evergreen and deciduous forests in lowland Thailand
<p>The major forest types in lowland Thailand and its adjacent parts in Southeast Asia with the distinct dry season are the mixed deciduous forest (MDF), dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) and dry evergreen forest (DEF). We report the first comprehensive data set in leaf physiology of canopy trees in these three forest types and clarify adaptive functional differences of woody plants among three forests. Unlike temperate forests, the forest variations in leaf mass per area (LMA) were related to nutrient use strategies (less vs. more conservative) associated with soil nutrients rather than with leaf phenology (evergreen vs. deciduous). In the interspecific variations within each forest, <em>A<sub>max</sub></em> in MDF and DEF was limited by foliar phosphate, whereas that in DDF was limited by foliar nitrogen. The close association between leaf physiology and soil properties suggests that climate change and increasing human impacts will disrupt this association, leading to forest degradation and dysfunction.</p>
Canopy gaps facilitate upslope shifts in montane conifers but not in temperate deciduous trees in the Northeastern United States
<p>Many montane tree species are expected to migrate upslope as climate warms, but it is not clear if forest canopy gaps, which can facilitate tree seedling recruitment, serve as an important mechanism driving tree species range shifts. Patterns of tree seedling establishment can inform us about early stages of tree species migrations and are critical to examine in the context of global climate change.</p> <p>We contrasted elevational distributions of tree seedlings both within and outside of forest canopy gaps with the distributions of conspecific adults and saplings across the deciduous-coniferous ecotone on ten mountains in four states of the northeastern United States. We tested if seedling distributions of four dominant tree species (<em>Abies balsamea, Picea rubens, Acer saccharum</em>, and<em> Fagus grandifolia</em>) were shifted upslope of conspecific adult and sapling distributions. We also examined if this shift was facilitated by canopy gaps and what environmental drivers affected species distributions.</p> <p>There was limited seedling recruitment of dominant tree species at the temperate-coniferous ecotone, which we attributed to (i) an observed downslope shift of seedling distributions of the low-elevation deciduous species (<em>Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifoli</em>a) and (ii) an upslope shift in seedling distributions of the high-elevation conifers (<em>Abies balsamea, Picea rubens</em>). The upslope shift of conifer seedlings contrasts with our previous research at these sites which observed downslope shifts of sapling distributions in <em>Picea rubens</em>, suggesting that seedlings may be responding to more recent climate warming. Canopy gaps in high-elevation conifer forests facilitated these upslope shifts by promoting conifer seedling recruitment. However, gaps at lower elevations did not play a significant role in seedling recruitment or the observed downslope shifts of the dominant deciduous species. Climate was the dominant predictor of adult tree distributions whereas both climate and soil were important predictors of seedling distributions.</p> <p><strong><em>Synthesis</em></strong>. Our study illustrates that tree seedlings have the potential for monitoring the early stages of tree species migrations, and particularly so in canopy gaps in high-elevation conifer forests. Further, we stress that species range shifts are sensitive to local scale heterogeneity in light availability (i.e., canopy gaps) and other non-climatic factors.</p>
Urban Tree Canopy Cover, environmental and socioeconomic data to São Paulo city, Brazil
<p>Urban Tree Canopy Cover from 2017, elevation and roughness from 2011 and socioeconomic data from 2010, to São Paulo city, Brazil. These data are analyzed in: <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128497" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128497</a></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.