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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Data from : Damage to tropical forests caused by tropical cyclones is driven by wind speed but mediated by topographical exposure and tree characteristics

These datasets have been used in the following paper: Ibanez, T., Bauman, B., Aiba, S.-i., Arsouze, T. Bellingham, P.J., Birkinshaw, C., Birnbaum, P., Curran, T.J., DeWalt, S.J., Dwyer, J., Fourcaud, T., Franklin, J., Kohyama, T.S., Menkes, C. Metcalfe, D.J., Murphy, H., Muscarella, R., Plunkett, G.M., Sam, C., Tanner, E., Taylor, B.N., Thompson, J., Ticktin, T., Tuiwawa, M.V., Uriarte, U., Webb, E.L., Zimmerman, J.K., Keppel, G. Damage to tropical forests caused by tropical cyclones is driven by wind speed but mediated by topographical exposure and tree characteristics. Accepted for publication in Global Change Biology. Data users are invited to cite this paper and the original paper(s) corresponding to the data they use (see "Reference" column in each dataset). We also encourage potential users to contact the data owners for collaboration. These datasets are compiled empirical data on the damage caused by 11 cyclones occurring over the past 40 years, from 74 forest plots representing tropical regions worldwide. Damage are given at the tree (whether or not each tree has been uprooted or snapped) and at the plot level (number of uprooted or snapped trees in each plot). MSW: Maximum sustained wind speed (m.s-1) EXP: Topographical exposure to wind DBH: Diameter at breast height (cm) WD: Wood density (g.cm-3)

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Physical seed damage, not rodent's saliva, accelerates seed germination of trees in a subtropical forest

Many tree species adopt fast seed germination to escape the predation risk by rodents. Physical seed damage and the saliva of rodents on partially consumed seeds may also act as cues for the seed to accelerate the germination process. However, the impacts of these factors on seed germination rate and speed remain unclear. In this study, we investigated such impacts on the germination rate and speed (reversal of germination time) of four tree species (Quercus variabilis, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, and Q. glauca) after partial consumption by four rodent species, through a series of experiments. We also examined how seed traits may affect the damage degree by rodents by analyzing the relationship between the germination rate and time of rodent-damaged seeds and the traits. We found that artificially and rodent-damaged seeds exhibited a significantly higher seed germination rate and speed, compared to intact seeds. Also, the rodent saliva on seeds showed no significant effect on seed germination rate and speed. Furthermore, We observed significant positive correlations between several seed traits (including seed mass, coat thickness, and protein content) and seed germination rate, but these seed traits had a positive correlation with the germination rate and speed. These correlations are likely due to the beneficial traits countering seed damage by rodents. Overall, our results highlight the significant role of physical seed damage by rodents (rather than their saliva) in facilitating seed germination of tree species and potential mutualism between rodents and trees. Additionally, our results may have some implications in forest restoration, such that intentionally sowing or dispersing slightly damaged seeds by humans or drones may increase the likelihood of successful seed regeneration.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Figure 1 in A bagworm damaging chestnut trees in Vietnam

Figure 1. Symptoms of Acanthoecia larminati attack in chestnut trees: a. Castanopsis boisii tree; b, c, d. Castanea mollissima trees; a. damaged tree in Luc Nam, Bac Giang with larval chambers on the branch; b. damaged tree in Kon Plong, Kon Tum with larval chambers on the branch; c. damaged trees in Trung Khanh, Cao Bang; d. damaged trees in Tan Lac, Hoa Binh with a net cage used for rearing this pest.

Figure 3 in Bark-feeding Kamalia priapus (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) damaging Homalium ceylanicum trees in Vietnam

Figure 3. Symptoms of Kamalia priapus attack in Homalium ceylanicum trees: a. nests/cocoons on the stems; b. the cocoon was partially open with a prepupa inside; c. the pupal chamber was opened including the bark with a pupa inside; d, e. damage lesions on stems.

Figure 2 in Bark-feeding Kamalia priapus (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) damaging Homalium ceylanicum trees in Vietnam

Figure 2. Morphological characteristics of Kamalia priapus: a, b. adults; a. male; b. female; c. eggs; d. larva; e. pupae.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Stem borer Orientozeuzera rhabdota (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) damaging Manglietia conifera and Michelia mediocris trees in Vietnam

Figure 1 Morphological characteristics of Orientozeuzera rhabdota: a, b. adults; a. male; b. female; c. eggs; d. larva; e. prepupa; f. pupa.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2008View details →

Figure 2-5. Diaphorina citri and tree damage. 2 in First record of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from the Sultanate of Oman

Figure 2-5. Diaphorina citri and tree damage. 2) D. citri infested tree (Barka). 3) Distorted acid lime leaves. 4) Adult of D. citri (lateral view). 5) Sooty mold on acid lime leaves.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

'Does crown sheltering effect the vulnerability of trees to wind damage in tropical forests? ' project dataset

The manually delineated tree crowns, polygon-based sheltering indices, canopy height model (CHM) and digital surface model (DSM) generated to investigate the effects of local crown sheltering on wind vulnerability in Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Files include both circular and directional indices at 10m, 20m, 50m and 2 x canopy radius.

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Physical seed damage, not rodent’s saliva, accelerates seed germination of trees in a subtropical forest

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicJun 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Tree damage data from a 2009 windstorm in a temperate forest nitrogen fertilization experiment

This repository contains the data and analysis for the paper Nitrogen fertilization increases windstorm damage in an aggrading forest by Walter, C.A., Fowler, Z.K., Adams, M.B., Burnham, M.B., McNeil, B.E., and W.T Peterjohn (2021) in the journal Forests, 12, 443. Open-access article available at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443">https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443</a>. The analysis follows a two-step process: <ol> <li>Prepare data using ba.csv and damage.csv in the script Data_prep.R</li> <li>Use prepared data in analysis.csv to perform bootstrap analysis in the script Analysis.R</li> </ol>   Description Analysis ba.csv and damage.csv are the datasheets corresponding to the 2009 forest inventory and the 2011 forest damage assessment in the LTSP experiment. These datasheets are run through the analysis pipeline Data_prep.R to create the analysisdata.csv datasheet that is used in the bootstrap analysis Analysis.R Data_prep.R calculates the percentage of stems and the basal area damaged in each LTSP treatment subunits (called "square"). It does this for all spp. together, by spp., by damage type, and by damage severity. This results in 17 response variables that are used in the bootstrap analysis. These data are written to analysisdata.csv. Analysis.R uses the prepped datasheet analysisdata.csv to compute empirical means across treatments, and create bootstrapped mean distributions using an 50,000 random samples. The empirical means are compared to the boostrapped mean distributions to calculate p-values. A detailed explanation of the analysis is available in the paper at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443">https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443</a>. Data There are three datasheets in this repository - ba.csv, damage.csv, and analysisdata.csv. ba.csv is the data from the 2009 forest inventory in the LTSP (Fowler et al. 2014). damage.csv is the data from the 2011 damage survey in the LTSP. And analysisdata.csv is analysis product of both ba.csv and damage.csv, data for the percentage of trees (basal area or stems) damaged. The attributes are explained as follows: ba.csv: block - LTSP block number [integer] trmt - LTSP treatment name [string] plot - LTSP plot number [integer] square - subunit of plot [integer] area_m2 - area of square in square meters [float] area_ha - area of square in ha [float] date - date square was sampled [date] spp - species four-letter code [string] tree - individual tree number [integer] branch - individual branch of individual tree number [integer] status - tree mortality status; L = live, D = Dead [binary string] dbh_cm - tree / branch diameter at breast height in centimeters [float] ba_m2 - tree / branch diameter at breast height in meters [float] baperham2 - basal area per hectare in square meters [float] uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string] uniq_plot - concatenation of block|plot|trmt [string] damage.csv: block - LTSP block number [integer] plot - LTSP plot number [integer] square - subunit of plot [integer] spp - species four-letter code [string] status - tree mortality status; L = live, D = Dead [binary string] damagetype - damage type designation; B = bent, T = tipup, S = snap [string] degree - damage degree; M = moderate, S = significant, E = extensive, P = prostrate [string] damagecat - concatenation of damagetype and degree [string] damagecont - arbitrarily designated ordinal scale of damagecat [integer] dbh_cm - tree / branch diameter at breast height in centimeters [float] ba_m2 - tree / branch diameter at breast height in meters [float] trmt - LTSP treatment name [string] uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string] uniq_plot - concatenation of block|plot|trmt [string] analysisdata.csv:  trmt - LTSP treatment name [string] uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string] totalba - total basal area in square meters of the square [float] damageba - damaged ba in square meters of the square [float] pctbadam - percentage of the totalba damaged [float] totstems - total number of stems in the square [integer] damstems - number of damages stems in the square [integer] pctstemdam - percentage of totstems damaged in the square [float] sumbent - sum of bent stems in the square [integer] sumsnap - sum of snap stems in the square [integer] sumtipup - sum of tiput stems in the square [integer] pctbent - percentage of damaged stems of damage type bent in the square [float] pctsnap - percentage of damaged stems of damage type snap in the square [float] pcttipup - percentage of damaged stems of damage type tipup in the square [float] sumseverE - sum of stems of damage severity class E (Extensive) in square [integer] sumseverM - sum of stems of damage severity class M (Moderate) in square [integer] sumseverP - sum of stems of damage severity class P (Prostrate) in square [integer] sumseverS - sum of stems of damage severity class S (Severe) in square [integer] pctseverE - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class E (Extensive) in square [float] pctseverM - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class M (Moderate) in square [float] pctseverP - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class P (Prostrate) in square [float] pctseverS - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class S (Severe) in square [float] prpestemdam - sum of prpe stems damaged in square [integer] litustemdam - sum of litu stems damaged in square [integer] prsestemdam - sum of prse stems damaged in square [integer] belestemdam - sum of bele stems damaged in square [integer] prpestem - sum of prpe stems in square [integer] litustem - sum of litu stems in square [integer] prsestem - sum of prse stems in square [integer] belestem - sum of bele stems in square [integer] pctprpedam - percentage of prpestem damaged in square [float] pctlitudam - percentage of litustem damaged in square [float] pctprsedam - percentage of prsestem damaged in square [float] pctbeledam - percentage of belestem damaged in square [float] prpedamba - sum of prpe basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer] litudamba - sum of litu basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer] prsedamba - sum of prse basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer] beledamba - sum of bele basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer] prpeba - sum of prpe basal area in square meters in square [integer] lituba - sum of litu basal area in square meters in square [integer] prseba - sum of prse basal area in square meters in square [integer] beleba - sum of bele basal area in square meters in square [integer] pctprpebadam - percentage of prpeba damaged in square [float] pctlitubadam - percentage of lituba damaged in square [float] pctprsebadam - percentage of prseba damaged in square [float] pctbelebadam - percentage of beleba damaged in square [float] Field sampling protocol Additional details and schematics of the field sampling of the forest survey and damage assessment are included in the MS Excel file field_sampling_protocol.xlsx. The file includes graphical layouts of the blocks, plots, and squares and details of the measurements taken during sampling.   License MIT License Copyright (c) 2021 Chris Walter Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software, data, code, and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Tropical tree species differ in damage and mortality from lightning

Lightning is an important agent of mortality for large tropical trees with implications for tree demography and forest carbon budgets. We evaluated interspecific differences in susceptibility to lightning damage using a unique dataset of systematically located lightning strikes on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We measured differences in mortality among trees damaged by lightning and related those to damage frequency and tree functional traits. Eighteen of 30 focal species had lightning mortality rates that deviated from null expectations. Several species showed little damage and 3 species had no mortality from lightning, whereas palms were especially likely to die from strikes. Species that were most likely to be struck also showed the highest survival. Interspecific differences in tree tolerance to lightning suggest that lightning-caused mortality shapes compositional dynamics over time and space. Shifts in lightning frequency due to climatic change are likely to alter species composition and carbon cycling in tropical forests.

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Figure 2 in A bagworm damaging chestnut trees in Vietnam

Figure 2. Distribution of Acanthoecia larminati in chestnut plantations in Vietnam.

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Figure 1 in Bark-feeding Kamalia priapus (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) damaging Homalium ceylanicum trees in Vietnam

Figure 1. Distribution of Kamalia priapus in plantations and urban areas in Vietnam.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Vehicle pollution is associated with elevated insect damage to street trees

1. Vehicle pollution is a pervasive aspect of anthropogenic change across rural and urban habitats. The most common emissions are carbon- or nitrogen-based pollutants that may impact diverse interactions between plants and insect herbivores. However, the effects of vehicle pollution on plant-insect interactions are poorly understood. 2. Here, we combine a city-wide experiment across the Sacramento Metropolitan Area and a laboratory experiment to determine how vehicle emissions affect insect herbivory and leaf nutritional quality. 3. We demonstrate that leaf damage to a native oak species (Quercus lobata) commonly planted across the western US is substantially elevated on trees exposed to vehicle emissions. In the laboratory, caterpillars preferred leaves from highway-adjacent trees and performed better on leaves from those same trees. 4. Synthesis and applications. Together, our studies demonstrate that the heterogeneity in vehicle emissions across cities may explain highly variable patterns of insect herbivory on street trees. Our results also indicate that trees next to highways are particularly vulnerable to multiple stressors, including insect damage. To combat these effects, urban foresters may consider planting trees that are less susceptible to insect herbivory along heavily traveled roadways.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

No risk – no fun: Penalty and recovery from spring frost damages in deciduous temperate trees

Phenological shifts in response to changing climatic conditions are a key acclimation process for the persistence of perennial plants in temperate and boreal climates. The optimal time to leaf-out is the result of evolutionary processes determined by the trade-off between minimizing the risk of freezing damages and herbivory pressure while maximizing resource uptake to increase competitiveness against the other plants. We quantified the penalty exerted by frost exposure at the time of leaf emergence on plant development (reduction in leaf area, canopy duration, and growth) over the potential gains without frost (increased biomass and non-structural carbohydrate reserves), depending on when leaf-out occurs. To this purpose, we exposed 960 saplings of four temperate deciduous tree species with contrasting cold hardiness to two frost intensities shortly after leaf emergence, which was artificially induced at four occasions to reflect the whole range of natural leaf-out dates. One year above-ground biomass (AGB) increments following the frost revealed a clear ranking among the species depending on their strategy to cope with damaging frosts. Prunus avium (-41% of AGB-increment compared to control saplings) resprouted from the stem base, Quercus robur (-62%) rapidly produced new leaves from dormant reserve buds, Fagus sylvatica (-98%) showed the highest chlorophyll content in autumn and delayed senescence together with Carpinus betulus (-105%), which overcompensated NSC reserves after the growing season but showed highest mortality (up to 32%). In all species, NSC reserves recovered rapidly their initial stage at the expense of growth. The timing of leaf-out (advanced and delayed artificially) significantly affected the performance and recovery (regreening and growth) of both frozen and non-frozen saplings, with the lowest performance found at the most delayed leaf-out date. We propose that the potential to recover from frost damages is an important component of a tree's performance, particularly at the juvenile stage. The ability to recover may become even more decisive in the future with the predicted increase of false springs in many extra-tropical regions.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data from: Genetic divergence along a climate gradient shapes chemical plasticity of a foundation tree species to both changing climate and herbivore damage

Climate change is threatening the persistence of many tree species via independent and interactive effects on abiotic and biotic conditions. In addition, changes in temperature, precipitation, and insect attacks can alter the traits of these trees, disrupting communities and ecosystems. For foundation species such as Populus, phytochemical traits are key mechanisms linking trees with their environment and are likely jointly determined by interactive effects of genetic divergence and variable environments throughout their geographic range. Using reciprocal Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) common gardens along a steep climatic gradient, we explored how environment (garden climate and simulated herbivore damage) and genetics (tree provenance and genotype) affect both foliar chemical traits and the plasticity of these traits. We found that: 1) Constitutive and plastic chemical responses to changes in garden climate and damage varied among defense compounds, structural compounds and nitrogen. 2) For both defense and structural compounds, plastic responses to garden climate depended on the climate in which a population or genotype evolved. Specifically, trees originating from cool provenances showed higher defense plasticity in response to climate changes than trees from hotter provenances. 3) Trees from cool provenances growing in cool conditions expressed the lowest constitutive defense levels but the strongest induced (plastic) defenses. 4) The combination of hot growing conditions and simulated herbivory switched the strategy used by these genotypes, increasing constitutive defenses but erasing the capacity for induction. Because Fremont cottonwood chemistry plays a major role in shaping riparian communities and ecosystems in the southwestern US, the effects of changes in phytochemical traits can be wide-reaching. As the southwestern US is confronted with warming temperatures and insect outbreaks, these results improve our capacity to predict ecosystem consequences of climate change and inform selection of tree genotypes for conservation and restoration purposes.