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16 results for “tree masting”
Tree Mast Production in Pinyon-Juniper-Oak Forests at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
The purpose of this study is to monitor the fruit production of three common woody tree species that occur on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in New Mexico. We estimate fruit production of two monoecious species, Pinus edulis (pinon pine) and Quercus turbinella (Sonoran scrub oak) and one dioecious species, Juniperus monosperma (one-seed juniper). During August – November, we estimate fruit production for these three species at up to six sites within the Sevilleta NWR. Different protocols are used for each species (see Methods). In addition, the age and/or size of each individual tree was assessed at the beginning of the study, excepting in one site (WM) where fruit counts occurred at the plot, rather than individual tree, scale. For P. edulis and J. monosperma, trees wre binned into categories of young, medium, old, or very old trees. For Q. turbinella, we estimate canopy surface area in m 2
Data from: Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis
<p>The large grove-forming tropical tree <em>Microberlinia bisulcata</em> (Fabaceae subfamily Detarioideae) at Korup, Cameroon, shows strong mast fruiting. Reproductive allocation is considerable. The site has very nutrient-poor soil. To test the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis, phenological recordings between 1989 and 2017 were matched with climate variables and analyzed using logistic time-series regression. Masting happened mostly on 2- or 3-year cycles. A strong predictor was mean daily rainfall in the dry season: low in the current year of masting and high in the year prior. Less strongly predictive was the increase in dry season radiation between prior and mast years. Masting events showed no relationship to annual stem increment, nor with local plantation yields. Later, the normally heavy mastings became moderate after two attacks by caterpillars. Collated studies of fallen leaf nutrient concentrations showed that P increased markedly, K rose and fell, but N and Mg changed little, in the inter-mast interval. P and K were likely being accumulated and stored and then triggered masting events when internal thresholds were crossed. The drier season prior to masting enabled a rise in C, and the wetter season the year before, with higher soil moisture, enabled better acquisition and uptake of nutrients by roots and mycorrhizas. The main storage of P may be in bark and branches, that for K on soil organic-colloids. A rooting-fruiting trade-off in C allocated over a minimal 2-year cycle is implied. The hypothesis is that synchrony among masting trees may be achieved, in part, by equilibration of P across the mycorrhizal network. The long-term driver appears to be the inherent year-to-year stochasticity of dry-season rainfall, the realization of which leads to an important refinement of the hypothesis. Life history strategy linked to nutrient resource dynamics provides a plausible explanation and more advanced hypothesis for the masting events observed.</p>
Masting is shaped by tree-level attributes and stand structure, more than climate, in a Rocky Mountain conifer species
<p>Many tree species mast, meaning seed production is highly variable from year to year and synchronous within a stand, but this phenomenon remains poorly understood. To better understand how a changing climate, altered disturbance regimes, or novel management strategies might affect future seed production, we quantified the joint influence of both biotic (tree size, age, and neighborhood competition) and abiotic factors (climate and weather) on seed production in a widespread conifer species, Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (<em>Pinus ponderosa</em> var. <em>scopulorum</em>). We reconstructed individual-level annual cone production across a large portion of this species' range using the cone abscission scar method, and mixed models were used to test hypotheses related to the causes and drivers of masting in this species. Our results suggest that masting in ponderosa pine is a process shaped at the individual-level, and this leads to high, local-scale variation in annual cone production. The effects of weather were strongest at climatically marginal sites, but overall, the joint effects of weather and climate only weakly described individual-level patterns of annual cone production in ponderosa pine (R<sup>2</sup><sub>m</sub> = 1.6%, R<sup>2</sup><sub>c</sub> = 30.1%). Rather, we found that masting was strongly influenced by tree- and stand-level factors such as diameter, age, and local neighborhood density, all of which were associated with the mean, interannual variability, and between-tree synchrony of cone production at the individual-level. Larger and older trees produced more cones, more frequently, and with less synchrony than smaller and younger trees. Open-grown trees experiencing lower levels of neighborhood competition also produced more cones with less interannual variability, but with higher between-tree synchrony. Because tree- and stand-level traits appear to regulate seed production more strongly than climate or weather in this species, management interventions targeting these factors could be powerful tools to manage future tree recruitment. Thus, current efforts to reduce stand density and conserve large trees in some ponderosa pine forests may enhance tree-level seed production and reduce variability in seed crops among years.</p>
Masting is shaped by tree-level attributes and stand structure, more than climate, in a Rocky Mountain conifer species
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Data from: Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis
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Data from: Decadal changes in masting behaviour of oak trees with rising temperature
<p>1. Decadal changes in masting behaviour—directional changes in seed production with fluctuations on a decadal time scale—are attracting widespread attention in the context of global climate change. However, our mechanistic understanding of the effects of climate on seed production on a decadal scale is unsatisfactory, partly because of insufficient statistical analyses of long-term data on masting.</p> <p>2. We detected decadal changes in masting behaviour in the Japanese oak (<em>Quercus crispula</em>) based on long-term data (38 years: 1980–2017) from the Kitakami Mountains of Japan. The moving average of seed production in a 20-year sliding window increased, whereas the coefficient of variation decreased. A wavelet power spectrum, as well as a second-order log-linear autoregressive (AR) model, showed that masting intervals shortened from 3 or 4 years to a 2-year cycle.</p> <p>3. The moving average of seed production increased linearly as the moving average of temperature increased. Temporal variations of the two AR model coefficients as a function of temperature were well described by concave curves.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. By conducting statistical analyses of a long-term seed-production dataset, we obtained significant evidence of decadal changes in the masting behaviour of the Japanese oak and showed that shortening of the masting interval was associated with rising temperature. A resource allocation shift and an environmental veto were discussed as possible mechanisms underlying the decadal change.</p>
Demographic consequences of heterogeneity in conspecific density dependence among mast fruiting tropical trees
<p>The role of conspecific density dependence (CDD) in the maintenance of species richness is a central focus of tropical forest ecology. However, tests of CDD often ignore the integrated effects of CDD over multiple life-stages and their long-term impacts on population demography. We combined a 10-year time series of seed production, seedling recruitment and sapling and tree demography of three dominant Southeast Asian tree species that adopt a mast fruiting phenology. We used these data to construct individual-based models that examine the effects of CDD on population growth rates (λ) across life-history stages. Recruitment was driven by positive CDD for all species, supporting the predator satiation hypothesis, while negative CDD affected seedling and sapling growth of two species, significantly reducing λ. This negative CDD on juvenile growth overshadowed the positive CDD of recruitment, suggesting the cumulative effects of CDD during seedling and sapling development has greater importance than the positive CDD during infrequent masting events. Overall, CDD varied between positive and negative across life-history stages for all species, suggesting that assessments of CDD on transitions between just two stages (e.g. seeds-seedlings or juveniles-mature trees) likely misrepresents the importance of CDD on population growth and stability.</p>
Data from: Masting increases seedling recruitment near and far: predator satiation and improved dispersal in a fleshy-fruited tree
<p><span>The animal dispersal hypothesis predicts that mast seeding can increase dispersal rate of seeds by dispersers and enhance reproductive success of plants. However, in contrast to pollination efficiency and predator satiation hypothesis, the animal dispersal hypothesis has received mixed support. </span></p> <p><span>Using 12-year data on fruit production and seedling recruitment of a fleshy-fruited tree rowan (<em>Sorbus aucuparia</em>, Rosaceae), we tested if an increase in the fruit production at the population level results in higher proportion of fruits recruiting into seedlings. Recruitment was recorded near (under rowans) and far (under heterospecifics) from conspecifics. Higher recruitment rates under rowans would support predator satiation hypothesis. Higher recruitment rates under heterospecific trees, where fruits can only arrive with animal assistance, would support animal dispersal hypothesis.</span></p> <p><span>High population-level fruit production increased the proportion of fruits recruiting into seedlings both near and far from rowans. In contrast, high individual-level fruit production did not have a positive effect on the proportion of fruits recruiting into seedlings. </span></p> <p><span>Synthesis. Population-level synchronization of fruit production is required to generate a more effective plant regeneration. Our findings show that masting enhances seedling recruitment through predator satiation and increased seed dispersal by frugivores. The results provide support for both animal dispersal and predator satiation hypotheses indicating that both mechanisms can operate simultaneously.</span></p>
MAST: Phylogenetic inference with mixtures across sites and trees (revised)
<p>Hundreds or thousands of loci are now routinely used in modern phylogenomic studies. Concatenation approaches to tree inference assume that there is a single topology for the entire dataset, but different loci may have different evolutionary histories due to incomplete lineage sorting, introgression, and/or horizontal gene transfer; even single loci may not be treelike due to recombination. To overcome this shortcoming, we introduce an implementation of a multi-tree mixture model that we call MAST. This model extends a prior implementation by Boussau et al. (2009) by allowing users to estimate the weight of each of a set of pre-specified bifurcating trees in a single alignment. The MAST model allows each tree to have its own weight, topology, branch lengths, substitution model, nucleotide or amino acid frequencies, and model of rate heterogeneity across sites. We implemented the MAST model in a maximum-likelihood framework in the popular phylogenetic software, IQ-TREE. Simulations show that we can accurately recover the true model parameters, including branch lengths and tree weights for a given set of tree topologies, under a wide range of biologically realistic scenarios. We also show that we can use standard statistical inference approaches to reject a single-tree model when data are simulated under multiple trees (and vice versa). We applied the MAST model to multiple primate datasets and found that it can recover the signal of incomplete lineage sorting in the Great Apes, as well as the asymmetry in minor trees caused by introgression among several macaque species. When applied to a dataset of four Platyrrhine species for which standard concatenated maximum likelihood and gene tree approaches disagree, we observe that MAST gives the highest weight (i.e. the largest proportion of sites) to the tree also supported by gene tree approaches. These results suggest that the MAST model is able to analyse a concatenated alignment using maximum likelihood while avoiding some of the biases that come with assuming there is only a single tree. We discuss how the MAST model can be extended in the future.</p>
MAST: Phylogenetic inference with mixtures across sites and trees (revised)
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Demographic consequences of heterogeneity in conspecific density dependence among mast fruiting tropical trees
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Data from: Decadal changes in masting behaviour of oak trees with rising temperature
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Data from: Masting increases seedling recruitment near and far: predator satiation and improved dispersal in a fleshy-fruited tree
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Data from: Effects of nitrogen deposition on reproduction in a masting tree: benefits of higher seed production are trumped by negative biotic interactions
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Data from: Environmental veto synchronizes mast seeding in four contrasting tree species
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Data from: Limited contributions of plant pathogens to density-dependent seedling mortality of mast fruiting Bornean trees
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