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12 results for “tree retention”
Level and spatial pattern of overstory retention impose tradeoffs for regenerating and retained trees
<p>Variable retention (VR) has been adopted globally as an alternative to more intensive forms of regeneration harvest. By retaining live trees within harvest units, VR seeks balance among the commodity, ecological, and aesthetic values of managed forests. Achieving these multiple, often competing objectives requires an understanding of how level and spatial pattern of retention shape the abundance, growth, and mortality of regenerating and retained trees. Using long-term (18-19 yr) data from a regional-scale VR experiment, we explore the individual and interactive effects of retention level (15% vs. 40% of initial basal area) and pattern (dispersed vs. aggregated) on the post-harvest dynamics of forests of differing structure and seral composition.</p> <p>Level and pattern of retention imposed tradeoffs for the density and growth of regenerating trees (>0.1 m tall, <5 cm dbh) and ingrowth (trees attaining 5 cm during the study). Greater retention led to greater density of late-seral regeneration, but lower density of early-seral ingrowth, and slower growth of late-seral ingrowth. Dispersed retention enhanced the density of early- and late-seral regeneration (compared to aggregated treatments), but reduced the growth of early-seral ingrowth. We also observed tradeoffs for retained trees. Lower retention enhanced the growth of smaller trees (<25 cm dbh)—particularly in dispersed settings—but reduced the survival of larger trees, which were more susceptible to windthrow. Greater retention reduced the growth, but enhanced the survival of smaller trees. Pattern imposed similar tradeoffs, with dispersed retention enhancing growth, but reducing survival of small trees. Finally, level and pattern resulted in tradeoffs for productivity of regenerating vs. retained-tree cohorts. Ingrowth productivity was greater at lower retention and in aggregated treatments; retained-tree productivity was greater at higher retention and in dispersed treatments.</p> <p>Our results provide a unique, long-term perspective on the sensitivity of tree regeneration, growth, and mortality to key structural elements of VR systems. Strong responses to level and pattern of retention produce tradeoffs for different ecological or resource objectives. Balancing these objectives may require the combined use of aggregates, dispersed retention, and clearings, to mimic the spatial heterogeneity of habitats, physical structures, and resource conditions that are produced by natural disturbances.</p>
Detection of standing retention trees in boreal forests with airborne laser scanning point clouds and multispectral imagery
<p>1. In a landscape consisting primarily of intensive forestry interspersed with some protected areas, multifunctional forestry with retention trees can play a crucial role in nature conservation. Accurate mapping of retention trees is important for guiding landscape-level conservation and forest management and improving landscape connectivity. Sizeable dead and living retention trees play a particularly important ecological role but even their large-scale inventory is often intensive through field work and/or inaccurate. We aimed to detect and classify retention trees using the novel nationwide Finnish airborne laser scanning (ALS) data (~ 5 pulses/m<sup>2</sup>) in conjunction with unrectified color-infrared (CIR) aerial imagery. 2. Applying photogrammetric principles, we added spectral information from the CIR imagery to the ALS-derived point cloud. For a training dataset of 160 retention trees from 19 stands and a geographically separate validation dataset of 79 trees from 8 stands, we segmented trees via individual tree detection (ITD), removed most trees belonging to the regenerating vegetation layer, and classified trees into living conifers, living broadleaves, and dead trees by linear discriminant analysis. 3. The detection rate via ITD differed considerably for dead and living trees, with 41.7% of all dead and 83.8% of all living trees being detected with relatively low commission error rates. Dead trees with smaller diameters and heights were more likely missed, while grouping caused living tree omission. For classification into living conifers, living broadleaves, and dead trees, an overall accuracy of 67.3% was achieved in training and 71.2% in validation data only ALS-derived metrics. When adding spectral metrics, the overall accuracies were 79.6% and 61.0% for training and validation, respectively. 4. Our findings imply that wall-to-wall large-scale high density ALS data can be used to detect retention trees rather accurately – even larger dead trees – and that metrics derived solely from ALS data can accurately classify detected retention trees into living conifers, living broadleaves, and dead trees. Considering the ecological value of retention trees, our results are promising and indicate that ALS data of the studied pulse density are a cost-effective option for large area mapping of retention trees in countries with such data available.</p>
Text-fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationship of Peignecyon felinoides n. gen. et n. sp., within some selected Amphicyonidae, and some extinct caniform carnivorans. Paramiacis exilis is the outgroup. Searches were performed by means of the Branch and Bound and a Bootstrap analysis through 1,000 replicates. One tree is obtained (length 73 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.6301, retention index (RI) = 0.7000). The numbers below nodes are Bremer indices, and the numbers above nodes are Bootstrap support percentages (only shown ≥ 50). in A New Thaumastocyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora) From The Early Miocene Of Tuchořice, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationship of Peignecyon felinoides n. gen. et n. sp., within some selected Amphicyonidae, and some extinct caniform carnivorans. Paramiacis exilis is the outgroup. Searches were performed by means of the Branch and Bound and a Bootstrap analysis through 1,000 replicates. One tree is obtained (length 73 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.6301, retention index (RI) = 0.7000). The numbers below nodes are Bremer indices, and the numbers above nodes are Bootstrap support percentages (only shown ≥ 50).
Text-fig. 10. Phylogenetic relationships of Miocene hyaenodonts (for definitions of character states see Table 2). The data matrix was compiled in MacClade 4.05 and run in PAUP 4.0b10 (Macintosh version). We chose Cimolestes magnus CLEMENS et RUSSELL, 1965, (additional data from Lillegraven 1969), as the outgroup. The unordered and unweighted analysis produced 16 trees. a: Majority-rule consensus. b: Strict consensus. Consistency index (CI): 0.5882; Homoplasy index (HI): 0.4118; Retention index (RI): 0.7742. in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)
Text-fig. 10. Phylogenetic relationships of Miocene hyaenodonts (for definitions of character states see Table 2). The data matrix was compiled in MacClade 4.05 and run in PAUP 4.0b10 (Macintosh version). We chose Cimolestes magnus CLEMENS et RUSSELL, 1965, (additional data from Lillegraven 1969), as the outgroup. The unordered and unweighted analysis produced 16 trees. a: Majority-rule consensus. b: Strict consensus. Consistency index (CI): 0.5882; Homoplasy index (HI): 0.4118; Retention index (RI): 0.7742.
Level and spatial pattern of overstory retention impose tradeoffs for regenerating and retained trees
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Detection of standing retention trees in boreal forests with airborne laser scanning point clouds and multispectral imagery
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Retention forestry can maintain epiphytic lichens on living pine trees, but provides impoverished habitat for deadwood-associated lichens
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Data from: The significance of retention trees for survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi in clear‐cut Scots pine forests
1. Forestry with short stand generations and simplified forest structures has markedly af-fected forest biodiversity. One group of organisms adversely affected by clear-cutting is ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, as they are associated with the roots of living trees. Retention forestry is a way of reducing logging impacts and enhancing biodiversity conservation. In-creasing the proportion of trees retained at harvest may improve ECM fungal diversity. 2. We investigated the potential for life-boating of ECM fungi through the harvesting phase in an experimental field study in a 190 years old Scots pine forest in northern Sweden. The experiment comprised four levels of tree retention – unlogged forest, plots with 60% or 30% of evenly distributed trees retained, and clear-cuts without retained trees. We sampled soils and determined identities, frequencies and relative abundances of ECM fungal species dur-ing three years following logging through the use of high-throughput sequencing of ampli-fied ITS2 markers. 3. We identified 151 ECM fungal species, with the five most abundant species accounting for 50% of the total ECM fungal amplicons. Three years after harvesting, the proportion of ECM sequences in the total amplicon pool had decreased proportionally to the extent of tree removal. In clear-cuts ECM fungal relative abundance had decreased by 95%, while ECM fungal species richness had declined by 75%, compared to unlogged plots. 4. Tree retention enabled maintenance of the most frequent ECM species, while more lowly abundant species were progressively lost at random with increasing level of tree removal. Five of the most frequent ECM fungal species remained present after clear-cutting, probably associated with pine seedlings. 5. Synthesis and applications. Tree retention can moderate short-term and potentially also long-term logging impacts on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Local ECM fungal diversity is preserved in proportion to the amount of retained trees. Abundant species may be largely maintained, even by low levels of tree retention and on naturally established seedlings. However, conservation of more infrequent species requires higher levels of tree retention, and our results suggest that around 75% of the ECM species are lost with the forest certifi-cation standard of 5% retention trees left at logging. 4-Feb-2019
Data from: The significance of retention trees for survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi in clear‐cut Scots pine forests
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Data from: Greater growth stability of trees in marginal habitats suggests a patchy pattern of population loss and retention in response to increased drought at the rear edge
Species rear range-edges are predicted to retract as climate warms, yet evidence of population persistence is accumulating. Accounting for this disparity is essential to enable prediction and planning for species' range retractions. At the Mediterranean edge of European beech-dominated temperate forest, we tested the hypothesis that individual performance should decline at the limit of the species' ecological tolerance in response to increased drought. We sampled 40 populations in a crossed factor design of geographical and ecological marginality and assessed tree growth resilience and decline in response to recent drought. Drought impacts occurred across the rear edge, but tree growth stability was unexpectedly high in geographically isolated marginal habitat and lower than anticipated in the species' continuous range and better-quality habitat. Our findings demonstrate that, at the rear edge, range shifts will be highly uneven and characterised by reduction in population density with local population retention rather than abrupt range retractions.
Data from: Greater growth stability of trees in marginal habitats suggests a patchy pattern of population loss and retention in response to increased drought at the rear edge
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Data from: Combining aggregated and dispersed tree retention harvesting for conservation of vascular plant communities
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