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11 results for “understorey birds”
Fig. 1 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 1 Avian haemosporidian prevalence according to altitude. P=Plasmodium, L=Leucocytozoon, H=Haemoproteus.
Fig. 2 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 2. Species composition of birds captured in 745–800 m sampling area
Fig. 3 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 3. Species composition of birds captured in 1500–1600 m sampling area
Connecting Amazonian historical biogeography and local assemblages of understorey birds: recurrent guild proportionality within areas of endemism.
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Current diversity patterns in local communities result from historical and contemporary events that operate at distinct spatial and temporal scales. However, the contribution of local and large-scale processes in structuring species diversity remain a contentious topic in ecology. We investigated diversity patterns (species richness, composition and number of captures) of understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian unflooded (<em>terra firme</em>) forests. We sought to understand whether understorey bird assemblages in distinct areas of endemism show distinct patterns of diversity, and whether species replacements among areas of endemism occur while the proportion of species within guilds remains stable.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Amazonia.</p> <p><strong>Taxon: </strong>Understorey birds.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> To investigate diversity patterns, we compiled studies that mist-netted birds at 11 regions across seven Amazonian areas of endemism. We used coverage-based rarefaction curves, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and created a heatmap based on the proportion of captures in each area of endemism to access patterns of richness, composition and captures of understorey birds, respectively. The relative variance (RVgp index) was calculated to investigate the existence of guild proportionality within each area of endemism.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Bird assemblages diverged across the seven areas of endemism, in terms of species richness, composition and captures. However, the proportion of species and individuals within guilds was similar among areas of endemism, indicating that species replacements across areas of endemism occur while maintaining the same ecological functions. Guild proportionality suggests that interspecific competition and resource availability are more important than environmental heterogeneity in structuring understorey bird assemblages.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> The similar proportion of species within guilds suggest that interspecific competition and resource availability are more important than environmental heterogeneity in structuring local assemblages, possibly via a process of limiting similarity in morphological and functional traits. The observed congruent structure in understorey bird assemblages across areas of endemism shows that coupled historical and ecological processes, operating at local to large scales, have led to current patterns of diversity and composition in Amazonian bird communities.</p>
Figure 2 in Diet of understorey birds in two Atlantic Forest areas of southeast Brazil
Figure 2. Principal structures observed in the faecal contents of the captured birds: Heads of: Hemiptera Heteroptera (1), Hymenoptera non-Formicidae (2), Hemiptera non-Heteroptera (3), Formicidae (4, 5), Coleoptera Curculionidae (6), Blattariae (7), mandibles of: Blattariae (8), Hymenoptera non-Formicidae (9), Formicidae (10), Mantodea (11), Orthoptera (12), Coleoptera (13), insect larvae (Lepidoptera, 14 and 15), Coleoptera (16), Isoptera (17); others structures: thorax of Hymenoptera non-Formicidae, dorsal vision (18), wing of Hymenoptera non-Formicidae (19), body segment of Diplopoda (20), chelicerae of Araneae (21), fang of Araneae (22), abdominal extremity of Dermaptera (23), cerci (forceps) of Dermaptera (24), elytrum of Coleoptera (25), scutellum of Hemiptera Heteroptera (26), leg of Araneae (27), leg of Hemiptera non-Heteroptera (28), petiole of Hymenoptera non-Formicidae, dorsal and lateral visions (29), bones of amphibian (30), thorax of Formicidae, lateral vision (31), apodeme (internal ridge on an arthropod exoskeleton that forms the attachments for muscles and organs) of Hemiptera non-Heteroptera (32), pedipalp of Pseudoscorpiones (33); seeds of: Zanthoxylum sp. (Rutaceae, 34), Myrtaceae (35), Myrsinaceae (spherical format, 36), Loranthaceae (37), Rudgea recurva (encapsulated by forehead, 38), Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae, 39), Psychotria suterella (Rubiaceae, 40), Urera baccifera (Urticaceae, 41), Melastomataceae (42), Miconia pusilliflora (Melastomataceae, 43), Cecropia sp. (Cecropiaceae, 44), Lauraceae (45), Alchornea sp. (Euphorbiaceae, 46), Xylopia brasiliensis (Annonaceae, 47), Talauma ovata (Magnoliaceae, 48), Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae, 49).
Figure 1 in Diet of understorey birds in two Atlantic Forest areas of southeast Brazil
Figure 1. Location of the two sampled areas in the Minas Gerais State, southeast Brazil: (1) Mata Grande, 90 ha; (2) Fazenda Continente forest, 56 ha (showing roads in the edge and interior forest). The internal traces represent the sampling net lines.
Figure 3 in Diet of understorey birds in two Atlantic Forest areas of southeast Brazil
Figure 3. Proportions of faecal samples of birds by area with only fruits, only invertebrates and fruits plus invertebrates.
Figure 4 in Diet of understorey birds in two Atlantic Forest areas of southeast Brazil
Figure 4. Relative frequency (counting of a particular item/counting of all items) and relative occurrence (number of samples in which the taxa occurred/counting of all samples) of each invertebrate group in the samples.
Data from: Forest-associated understorey birds persist in agroforestry orchards within tropical rubber and oil palm landscapes
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Data from: Demographic superiority with increased logging in tropical understorey insectivorous birds
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Connecting Amazonian historical biogeography and local assemblages of understorey birds: recurrent guild proportionality within areas of endemism.
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