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Fig. 1. Wing venation. A in The genus Prorops Waterson, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar
Fig. 1. Wing venation. A. Prorops sparsa sp. nov. Forewing, ♀. B. Prorops impotens sp. nov. Forewing, ♀. – Scale = 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 4. Blattinopsis sp. specimen MNHNLPR. 55236 (forewing; print): photograph of the mediocubital area (detail of the ‘ strut’ between M and CuA) (scale bars represents 1 mm).
FIGURE 14 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 14. Gerarus bruesi, holotype specimen MNHNLPR. 51164 (counterpart): photograph of the mediocubital area (detail of common stem M + CuA, distal free part of CuA, and fusion of CuA and CuPa). (scale bar represents 3 mm).
FIGURE 7 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 7. Stenoneura fayoli, holotype specimen MNHNLPR. 51207 (print): photograph (under alcohol) (scale bar represents 1 cm).
FIGURE 17 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 17. Strict consensus tree of 48 minimal equally parsimonious trees obtained after cladistic analysis. Clades in grey are considered weakly supported by the analysis, after characters state consistency indices.
FIGURE 3 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 3. Blattinopsis sp., specimen MNHNLPR. 55236 (forewing; print): reconstruction and photograph (scale bar represents 1 cm).
FIGURE 12 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 12. Osnogerarus trecwithiensis, cast of the holotype specimen MS G 1080 (counterpart), Museum am Schölerberg (Osnabrück, Germany): photograph of the wing base (light from bottom of the picture, vein relief appears reversed in the photograph orientation). (scale bar represents 2 mm).
FIGURE 10 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 10. Narkeminidae sp. indet., specimen MNHNLPR. R 55237 ab (forewing; print and counterpart): reconstruction (print and counterpart) and photograph (counterpart; under alcohol). (scale bar represents 1 cm).
FIG. 8 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 8. — Hypotheses of primary venation homology of forewing of A, †Angarogryllus angaricus (Sharov 1968) (PIN 1873-16, †Protogryllidae, cf fig. 6A); B, Gryllotalpa sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF3938, Gryllotalpidae); C, Scapteriscus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF3068, Gryllotalpidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIG. 5 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 5. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology in male Grylloidea with particular forewing venation: A, B, species with 'shortened' wings; B, C, species with 'reduced' stridulatory apparatus. A, Landreva sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9775, Gryllidae); B, Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc, 1792) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9786, Trigonidiidae); C, Tafalisca lineatipes Bruner, 1916 (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9760, Oecanthidae); D, Aphonomorphus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9764, Oecanthidae). Abbreviations: 'ha', distally opened harp; 'mi' distally opened mirror; others and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIG. 1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 1. — Theoretical pattern of venation of a gryllidean forewing (terminology after Béthoux & Nel [2002], modified after Schubnel et al. [2020]). Abbreviations and colour code: see text.
FIG. 7 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 7. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology of forewing of male Scapteriscus sp. MNHN-EO-ENSIF3069 (Gryllotalpidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bar: 1 mm.
APPENDIX 1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
<p>APPENDIX 1. — List of specimens observed in the MNHN Orthoptera collections. Supplementary figures gathered in Appendix 3.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Family, subfamily</th><th><b>Tribe</b></th><th><b>Genus Species</b></th><th><b>Identified</b></th><th>Sex</th><th><b>Inventory number</b></th><th><b>Origin</b></th><th><b>Figures</b></th></tr><tr><th colspan="8">OECANTHIDAE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Oecanthinae</th><td>Oecanthini</td><td><i>Oecanthus rufescens</i> Serville, 1838</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9765</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tafaliscinae</th><td>Tafaliscini</td><td><i>Tafalisca lineatipes</i> Bruner, 1916</td><td rowspan="2">L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9760</td><td>Jamaica</td><td>5C; S3C</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Paroecanthini</td><td><i>Paroecanthus simplex</i> Gorochov, 2011</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9782</td><td>Mexique</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Angustitrella vicina</i> (Chopard, 1912)</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9783</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Ectotrypa olmeca</i> Saussure, 1874</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF12163</td><td>Mexico</td><td>S2C</td></tr><tr><th>Podoscirtinae</th><td>Podoscirtini</td><td><i>Archenopterus bouensis</i> Otte, 1987</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3935</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Aphonomorphini</td><td><i>Aphonomorphus</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9764</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>5D; S3D</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Phyllogryllini</td><td><i>Phyllogryllus</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9768</td><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>4B; S2B</td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">PHALANGOPSIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Luzarinae</th><td>Luzarini</td><td><i>Luzara obscura</i> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF5876</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Lerneca fuscipennis</i> (Saussure, 1874)</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂/♀</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, MNHN-EO-ENSIF9781</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>♂: 3B; S1D / ♀: S4A</td></tr><tr><th>Phalangopsinae</th><td>Phalangopsini</td><td><i>Endecous Itatibensis</i> Rehn, 1918</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9761</td><td>Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Homoeogryllini</td><td rowspan="2"><i>Homoeogryllus</i> xanthographus Guérin-Ménevile, 1844</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9779</td><td><i>Farm strain</i></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>orientalis Desutter, 1985</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3069</td><td>Mozambique</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>affinis lyristes</i> Gorochov, 1988</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♀</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9784</td><td>Rwanda</td><td>Fig. S4B</td></tr><tr><th>Paragryllinae</th><td>Aclodini</td><td><i>Paraclodes guyanensis</i> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9762</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Paragryllini</td><td><i>Aclogryllus</i> sp ..</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9785</td><td>Equateur</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Phaloriinae</th><td></td><td><i>Phaloria</i> sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3078</td><td>Philippines</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">GRYLLIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Eneopterinae</th><td>Eneopterini</td><td><i>Eneoptera guyanensis</i> Chopard, 1931</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9766</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Lebinthini</td><td><i>Ligypterus fuscus</i> Chopard, 1920</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9767</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Lebinthini</td><td><i>Agnotecous</i> sp.</td><td>T. Robillard</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9937</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Nisitrini</td><td><i>Nisitrus vittatus</i> (Haan, 1844)</td><td>T. Robillard</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9938</td><td>Laboratory strain</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Pentacentrinae</th><td>Pentacentrini</td><td><i>Pentacentrodes</i> sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9776</td><td>Madagascar</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Gryllinae</th><td>Gryllini</td><td rowspan="2"><i>Brachytrupes</i> (Drury, 1773) <i>membranaceus</i></td><td rowspan="2">L. Desutter</td><td rowspan="2">♂/♀</td><td rowspan="2">MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769/ MNHN-EO-ENSIF12162</td><td rowspan="2">Republic of Congo/ Guinea</td><td rowspan="2">♂: 2A, B; 4A; S2A / ♀: S4C</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Acheta domesticus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td></td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9777</td><td>Farm strain</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Landrevinae</th><td>Landrevini</td><td><i>Landreva</i> sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9775</td><td>India</td><td>5A; S3A</td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">TRIGONIDIIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Trigonidiinae</th><td>Trigonidiini</td><td><i>Anaxipha</i> sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9770</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Natula longipennis</i> (Serville, 1838)</td><td></td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>3A, B; S1A, B, C</td></tr><tr><th>Nemobiinae</th><td>Nemobiini</td><td>Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc, 1792)</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>♂</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9786</td><td>France</td><td>5B; S3B</td></tr></tbody></table>
FIG. 6 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 6. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology of male forewing of †Protogryllidae (A, B) and †Baissogryllidae (C-E): A, †Angarogryllus angaricus (Sharov 1968), PIN 1873-16; B, †Falsipseculum karatavicum (Sharov 1968), PIN 3791/1345; C, †Neosharategia paradoxa Gorochov, 1992, PIN 4270-210a; D, †Baissogryllidae sp., CCNH-293; E, †Anglogryllus lyristes Gorochov et al., 2006, MNEMG 2003.46. Abbreviations: "ha", distally opened harp; "mi", distally opened mirror, others and colour code, see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIG. 9 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 9. — Hypotheses of primary venation homology of forewing of †Liassophyllum caii Gu & Ren, 2012 (CNU-ORT-NN2009008, †Tuphelidae). Modified from Gu et al. (2012). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 3 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 3. — Hypothesis of primary homology of venation of male Grylloidea: A, Natula longipennis (Serville, 1838) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933, Trigonidiidae); B, Lerneca fuscipennis (Saussure, 1874) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, Phalangopsidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bars:1 mm.
FIG. 4 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 4. — Hypothesis of primary homology of venation of male Grylloidea: A, Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1773) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769, Gryllidae); B, Phyllogryllus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9768, Oecanthidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 5 mm.
FIG. 2 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. 2. — Main fields (A, C) and functional structures (B, D) of a male grylloid forewing (A, B: Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1773), MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769) and a male gryllotalpid forewing (C, D: Scapteriscus sp., MNHN-EO-ENSIF3068). Abbreviations: lc, lanceolate cell; ha, harp; mi, mirror. Scale bars: 5 mm.
FIG. S1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets
FIG. S1. — Forewings of male Grylloidea with hypothesis of venation: A, B, Natula longipennis (Serville, 1838) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933, Trigonidiidae); C, Anaxipha sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9770, Trigonidiidae);D, Lerneca fuscipennis (Saussure,1874) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, Phalangopsidae).Abbreviations:see text. Scale bars:1 mm.
Text-fig. 2. Ferns, Ginkgo, and taxodioid conifers. a: Filicalean fern type 1. UAPC-ALTA S sn. b, c: Filicalean fern type 2. b: Overview of specimen, UAPC-ALTA S 59515. c: Detail of (b) to show pinnule shape. d: Azolla primaeva, small plant fragments and rhizoids, BBM-PAL-P000002. e: Metasequoia occidentalis twig with leafy branchlets, BBM- PAL-P000003. f: Ginkgo biloba leaf showing dichotomous venation, GSC 7567. g: Taxodioid branches with flared shoot apices that may represent small cones, UAPC-ALTA S 25090. h: Metasequoia occidentalis branchlet showing opposite leaves, UAPC-ALTA S 59495. i: Taxodioid branchlet showing variation, BBM-PAL-P000004. j: Taxodioid pollen cone, BBM-PAL-P000045. k: Metasequoia seed cone, BBM-PAL-P000005 A. l: cf. Chamaecyparis, BBM-PAL-P000006. Scale bars: a–c, f–l = 1 cm, d = 0.5 cm, e = 2 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 2. Ferns, Ginkgo, and taxodioid conifers. a: Filicalean fern type 1. UAPC-ALTA S sn. b, c: Filicalean fern type 2. b: Overview of specimen, UAPC-ALTA S 59515. c: Detail of (b) to show pinnule shape. d: Azolla primaeva, small plant fragments and rhizoids, BBM-PAL-P000002. e: Metasequoia occidentalis twig with leafy branchlets, BBM- PAL-P000003. f: Ginkgo biloba leaf showing dichotomous venation, GSC 7567. g: Taxodioid branches with flared shoot apices that may represent small cones, UAPC-ALTA S 25090. h: Metasequoia occidentalis branchlet showing opposite leaves, UAPC-ALTA S 59495. i: Taxodioid branchlet showing variation, BBM-PAL-P000004. j: Taxodioid pollen cone, BBM-PAL-P000045. k: Metasequoia seed cone, BBM-PAL-P000005 A. l: cf. Chamaecyparis, BBM-PAL-P000006. Scale bars: a–c, f–l = 1 cm, d = 0.5 cm, e = 2 cm.
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