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Fig. 3 in Prevalence and genetic diversity of haematozoa in South American waterfowl and evidence for intercontinental redistribution of parasites by migratory birds
Fig. 3. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of haematozoa mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b haplotypes obtained from infected waterfowl. Trees were rooted with mammalian Plasmodium outgroups. Node tips are labeled with parasite genus (Haem = Haemoproteus, Leuc = Leucocytozoon, and Plas = Plasmodium), followed by the lineage name, GenBank accession number for each sequence, host order (passerine/waterfowl), and the country/state from which the samples were collected. All haplotypes identified in this study are highlighted in red. Numbers on branches represent posterior probabilities from the analysis. Asterisks after node tip labels indicate sequences from our study that were identical to lineages previously found in non-waterfowl hosts. All reference sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information website.
Fig. 2. Minimum spanning network for haematozoa mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b in Prevalence and genetic diversity of haematozoa in South American waterfowl and evidence for intercontinental redistribution of parasites by migratory birds
Fig. 2. Minimum spanning network for haematozoa mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b haplotypes detected in South American waterfowl. Shaded circles represent unsampled nodes. All circles are drawn proportional to the frequency at which haplotypes were observed. Lines separating nodes are drawn to scale based on the number of nucleotide mutations, unless otherwise indicated by hash marks. Only haplotypes with a length of 358 bp or greater were included. Haplotype name abbreviations are as follows: Haem = Haemoproteus, Leuc = Leucocytozoon, and Plas = Plasmodium.
Fig. 1 in Prevalence and genetic diversity of haematozoa in South American waterfowl and evidence for intercontinental redistribution of parasites by migratory birds
Fig. 1. Map of sampling locations in Peru and Argentina. The number of waterfowl blood samples collected at each site is provided in parentheses.
Data from: Ecological and anthropogenic drivers of waterfowl productivity are synchronous across species, space, and time
<p>We used hierarchical random-effects models to examine interspecific and spatial variation in annual productivity in six migratory ducks (i.e., American wigeon [<em>Mareca americana</em>], blue-winged teal [<em>Spatula discors</em>], gadwall [<em>Mareca strepera</em>], green-winged teal [<em>Anas crecca</em>], mallard [<em>Anas platyrhynchos</em>] and northern pintail [<em>Anas acuta</em>]) across six distinct ecostrata in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America (Alberta parkland, Alberta prairie, Saskatchewan parkland, Saskatchewan prairie, Manitoba parkland, US prairie). We tested whether breeding habitat conditions (seasonal pond counts, agricultural intensification, and grassland acreage) or cross-seasonal effects (indexed by flooded rice acreage in primary wintering areas) better explained variation in the proportion of juveniles captured during late summer banding. This submission comprises model code and data of banded birds by species, breeding population survey by species, proportion of ecostratum in conservation tillage (a proxy for agriculutral intensification), proportion of ecostratum in grassland, mean winter precipitation for Pacific Coast and Gulf Coast, total hectares of rice planted in the US, as well as hectares of flooded rice in the Pacific Coast and Gulf Coast. </p>
A hierarchical dependent double-observer method for estimating waterfowl breeding pairs abundance from helicopters
<p>We applied a dependent double-observer method for helicopter surveys and developed a hierarchical Bayesian model as a means to adjust counts of waterfowl for incomplete detection. We conducted our study using 52 plots in Labrador, Canada. A designated pair of primary observers reported counts and location of all waterfowl flocks that they detected to a pair of secondary observers, including details regarding the species, age and sex of observed birds. Secondary observers then reported any additional flocks observed by them but missed by the primary observers. The pairs of observers alternated between primary and secondary roles during the course of the survey, as well as position (front or back) within the helicopter. We used hierarchical Bayesian models to estimate detection probabilities of waterfowl flocks, as well as derive species-specific detection-corrected abundance and sex composition estimates of flocks. The hierarchical model output allowed us to derive estimates of indicated breeding pairs for each species in the survey area corrected for incomplete detection. Observers seated in the back of the helicopter had higher detection probabilities (0.89; 90% Bayesian Credible Intervals [BCI] = 0.82 – 0.95) than those in the front (0.74; 90% BCI = 0.66 – 0.83), and observer experience had a limited effect on detection. Total crew detection probabilities ranged between 0.99 (90% BCI = 0.97 – 1.00) and 0.97(90% BCI = 0.94 – 0.99), depending on the individual observers' position and role in the helicopter. Detection probabilities were higher for sea ducks and diving ducks and lower for dabbling ducks. Observers generally missed less than 5% of the total indicated pairs for all species. We recommend that detection in helicopter surveys be measured to control for observer turnover, observer experience, and aircraft-related differences in visibility.</p>
Fig. 3 in The oldest diving anseriform bird from the late Eocene of Kazakhstan and the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the intertarsal joint of waterfowl
Fig. 3. The intertarsal joint of Recent Anatidae (exemplified by Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus, 1758), PIN 41-2-2; A) and fossil wading bird (PIN 3104-65; early Eocene of Tsagaan-Khushu locality; southern Mongolia; B) as related to the swimming locomotion. Two types of the general structure of the distal tibiotarsus (A1, B), illustrating the difference in the shape of the condylus medialis (cm1, cm2). Maximal anatomically possible dorsiflexion of the tarsometatarsus in Anatidae, in craniomedial view (A2, showing full contact between the condylus medialis type 2 and the articular surface of the tarsometatarsus), in medial view (A3). Position of the tarsometatarsus relative to the tibiotarsus at the beginning of the propulsive phase of the stride in swimming duck (C) and walking wader (D); note the strongly dorsiflexed tarsometatarsus in the former (modified after Provini et al. 2012; Killbourne et al. 2016). Abbreviations: cm1, cm2; condylus medialis in type 1 and type 2 intertarsal joints (see text). Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 2 in The oldest diving anseriform bird from the late Eocene of Kazakhstan and the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the intertarsal joint of waterfowl
Fig. 2. Tarsometatarsi of anseriform bird Cousteauvia kustovia gen. et sp. nov. and selected modern Anseriformes. A. Cousteauvia kustovia gen. et sp. nov., holotype PIN 2612/4, latest Eocene of Kusto-Kyzylkain, Eastern Kazakhstan, in dorsal (A1), medial (A2), lateral (A3), plantar (A4), angled disto-dorsal (A5), and proximal (A6) views, and distal view on the cross-section (A7). B. Melanitta perspicillata Linnaeus, 1758 (Anatidae), PIN 41-9-1, Recent, in dorsal (B1), medial (B2), plantar (B3), and proximal (B4) views. C. Anas undulata Dubois, 1839 (Anatidae), PIN 40-32-2, Recent, in dorsal (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. Anseranas semipalmata (Latham, 1798) (Anseranatidae), USNM 621019, Recent, in dorsal (D1) and proximal (D2) views. E. Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus, 1766) (Anhimidae), USNM 345208, Recent, in dorsal (E1) and proximal (E2) views. F. Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 (Anatidae), PIN 40-30-3, Recent, in distal view on the cross-section. G. Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anatidae), PIN 41-7-8, Recent, in distal view on the cross-section. Abbreviations: cdl, dorsolateral crest of the shaft; cdm, dorsomedial crest of the shaft; cl, cotyla lateralis; cm, cotyla medialis; cmh, crista medialis hypotarsi; cpm, crista plantaris medialis; ei, eminentia intercotylaris; fdl, canal for tendon of m. flexor digitorum longus; fic, fossa infracotylaris; fpm, fossa parahypotarsalis medialis; fvp, foramina vascularia proximalia; itc, impressio m. tibialis cranialis; se, sulcus extensorius; sfdl, sulcus for tendon of m. flexor digitorum longus; l, lip-like distal extension of the cotyla lateralis. Scale bars: A1–A5, B1–B3, C, D1, 10 mm; A6, B4, D2, E2, 5 mm; A7, F, G, 2 mm.
Fig. 1 in The oldest diving anseriform bird from the late Eocene of Kazakhstan and the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the intertarsal joint of waterfowl
Fig. 1. General outline map showing the geographical position of Kazakhstan (A) and Kusto-Kyzylkain locality (asterisk) at Zaysan Basin (B).
Fig. 5 in Helminth community structure in two species of arctic-breeding waterfowl
Fig. 5. Predicted helminth infection intensity for combined cestodes identified in Pacific black brant (BLBR) and greater white-fronted geese (GWFG) collected in two locations (i.e., Arctic and Subarctic) in Alaska (2014). Circles represent predicted means and error bars denote 85% confidence intervals. Predictions are based off the most supported model from AICc selection and all interactions include lower-order effects (see title).
Fig. 4 in Helminth community structure in two species of arctic-breeding waterfowl
Fig. 4. Predicted prevalence (top) and helminth infection intensity (bottom) for the cestode Drepanidotaenia lanceolata enumerated in Pacific black brant (BLBR) and greater whitefronted geese (GWFG) collected in Arctic and Subarctic Alaska (2014). Circles represent predicted means and error bars denote 85% confidence intervals. Predictions are based off the most supported model from AICc selection and all interactions include lower-order effects (see titles).
Fig. 6 in Helminth community structure in two species of arctic-breeding waterfowl
Fig. 6. Predicted prevalence (top) and helminth infection intensity (bottom) for the cestode Tschertkovilepis setigera enumerated in Pacific black brant (BLBR) and greater whitefronted geese (GWFG) collected in Arctic and Subarctic Alaska (2014). Circles represent predicted means and error bars denote 85% confidence intervals. Predictions are based off the most supported model from AICc selection and all interactions include lower-order effects (see titles).
Fig. 2 in Helminth community structure in two species of arctic-breeding waterfowl
Fig. 2. Predicted helminth species richness (SR) for Pacific black brant (BLBR) and greater white-fronted geese (GWFG) collected from Subarctic and Arctic Alaska (2014). Circles represent predicted means and error bars denote 85% confidence intervals. Predictions are based on the most supported model from AICc selection and all interactions include lower-order effects (see title).
Fig. 3 in Helminth community structure in two species of arctic-breeding waterfowl
Fig. 3. Predicted prevalence (top) and helminth infection intensity (bottom) for the nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis enumerated in Pacific black brant (BLBR) and greater whitefronted geese (GWFG) collected in Arctic and Subarctic Alaska (2014). Circles represent predicted means and error bars denote 85% confidence intervals. Predictions are based off the most supported model from AICc selection and all interactions include lower-order effects (see titles).
Fig. 1 in Helminth community structure in two species of arctic-breeding waterfowl
Fig. 1. Study sites in Alaska where Pacific black brant and greater white-fronted geese were collected for helminth examination in 2014; A) Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (61ǫ N 164ǫ W) in Subarctic western Alaska and B) the Arctic Coastal Plain (70ǫ N 154ǫ) in Arctic Alaska.
Fig. 4 in Spatio-temporal variation in prevalence and intensity of trematodes responsible for waterfowl die-offs in faucet snail-infested waterbodies of Minnesota, USA
Fig. 4. Models of Cyathocotyle bushiensis (Cb) and Sphaeridiotrema spp. (Sg) metacercarial prevalence (prev) and intensity (int) in the waterbodies we studied in northern Minnesota during 2011‾2013; a) East Winnibigoshish index area, b) West Winnibigoshish index area, c) Lower Twin Lake, d) Crow Wing River, e) White Earth ponds, f) Shell River. Depth_cm is water depth at the sampling location. Dist.scaup is the minimum Euclidean distance between a given waypoint and the nearest point sampled under a raft of scaup in either the same season, or up to two seasons prior in that same year. Log.abund is the log transformed snail abundance at a sampling point. Size.mean is the mean snail size at a sampling point. Year2012 and Year2013 are comparisons between samples collected in 2011 vs 2012 and 2011 vs 2013, respectively.
Fig. 3 in Spatio-temporal variation in prevalence and intensity of trematodes responsible for waterfowl die-offs in faucet snail-infested waterbodies of Minnesota, USA
Fig. 3. Average intensity of (a) Cyathocotyle bushiensis (Cb) and (b) Sphaeridiotrema spp. (Sg) metacercariae in each of the waterbodies studied in northcentral Minnesota during nine seasons in 2011‾2013 with 95% confidence intervals. Note that waterbody specific y-axis scales are used to highlight differences within a waterbody.
Fig. 2 in Spatio-temporal variation in prevalence and intensity of trematodes responsible for waterfowl die-offs in faucet snail-infested waterbodies of Minnesota, USA
Fig. 2. Average prevalence of (a) Cyathocotyle bushiensis (Cb) and (b) Sphaeridiotrema spp. (Sg) metacercariae in each of the waterbodies studied in northcentral Minnesota during nine seasons in 2011‾2013 with 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 1 in Spatio-temporal variation in prevalence and intensity of trematodes responsible for waterfowl die-offs in faucet snail-infested waterbodies of Minnesota, USA
Fig. 1. Map of study area in northcentral Minnesota depicting the study lakes with county boundaries, within the state and USA.
Рис. 2. ВоΔопΛавающие и окоΛовоΔные виΔы птиц на берегах Ямуны: 1 — Anas crecca, Himantopus himantopus; 2 — Ardea alba, Egretta garzetta, Ardeola grayii; 3 — Himantopus himantopus; 4 — Himantopus himantopus, Recurvirostra avosetta; 5 — Phalacrocorax niger, Amaurornis phoenicurus; 6 — Platalea leucorodia, Mycteria leucocephala; 7 — Ardea cinerea; 8 — Anas poecilorhyncha Fig. 2. Waterfowl and shorebird species on the Yamuna River: 1 — Anas crecca, Himantopus himantopus; 2 — Ardea alba, Egretta garzetta, Ardeola grayii; 3 — Himantopus himantopus; 4 — Himantopus himantopus, Recurvirostra avosetta; 5 — Phalacrocorax niger, Amaurornis phoenicurus; 6 — Platalea leucorodia, Mycteria leucocephala; 7 — Ardea cinerea; 8 — Anas poecilorhyncha in Aggregation of the wintering birds on the Yamuna River in India
Рис. 2. ВоΔопΛавающие и окоΛовоΔные виΔы птиц на берегах Ямуны: 1 — Anas crecca, Himantopus himantopus; 2 — Ardea alba, Egretta garzetta, Ardeola grayii; 3 — Himantopus himantopus; 4 — Himantopus himantopus, Recurvirostra avosetta; 5 — Phalacrocorax niger, Amaurornis phoenicurus; 6 — Platalea leucorodia, Mycteria leucocephala; 7 — Ardea cinerea; 8 — Anas poecilorhyncha Fig. 2. Waterfowl and shorebird species on the Yamuna River: 1 — Anas crecca, Himantopus himantopus; 2 — Ardea alba, Egretta garzetta, Ardeola grayii; 3 — Himantopus himantopus; 4 — Himantopus himantopus, Recurvirostra avosetta; 5 — Phalacrocorax niger, Amaurornis phoenicurus; 6 — Platalea leucorodia, Mycteria leucocephala; 7 — Ardea cinerea; 8 — Anas poecilorhyncha
Рис. 2. ΔоΛговременная Αинамика весенней чисΛенности трех виΑов уток (A — трескунка; B — касатки; C — шиΛохвости) на ΑебеΑинском стационаре Хинганского заповеΑника (показаны уровень значимости и 95-процентный ΑоверитеΛьный интерваΛ) Fig. 2. Long-term spring number dynamics of three duck species at the Lebedinsky Station of Khingansky State Nature Reserve with p-values and 0.95 confidence intervals. A — Gargany; B — Falcated Duck; C — Pintail in The results of long-term observation of waterfowl spring migration in Khingan Nature Reserve, Eastern Russia
Рис. 2. ΔоΛговременная Αинамика весенней чисΛенности трех виΑов уток (A — трескунка; B — касатки; C — шиΛохвости) на ΑебеΑинском стационаре Хинганского заповеΑника (показаны уровень значимости и 95-процентный ΑоверитеΛьный интерваΛ) Fig. 2. Long-term spring number dynamics of three duck species at the Lebedinsky Station of Khingansky State Nature Reserve with p-values and 0.95 confidence intervals. A — Gargany; B — Falcated Duck; C — Pintail
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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