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33 results for “wild primate”
Fig. 2 in Hemoparasites in a wild primate: Infection patterns suggest interaction of Plasmodium and Babesia in a lemur species
Fig. 2. Age-dependence of Babesia sp. infections (grey) and Plasmodium sp. infections (black). The lines represent the predicted values according to the two different GLMMs.
Fig. 1 in Hemoparasites in a wild primate: Infection patterns suggest interaction of Plasmodium and Babesia in a lemur species
Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree of malaria parasite cytochrome b sequences (P. = Plasmodium). The clade formed by lemur malaria parasites is blue. The two sequences detected in this study are highlighted with grey rectangles. Bootstrap values are reported above branches when>50. The scale is in substitution per site.
Gut microbiota of wild arboreal and ground-feeding tropical primates
<p>16S rRNA gene and ITS sequences from fecal samples of 12 groups of Udzungwa (Tanzania) red colobus Procolobus gordonorum (total number of samples: 89), and five groups of yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus (total number of samples: 69).</p> <p>The dataset consists of the following files:</p> <ul> <li><strong>16S_raw.tar</strong>: raw 16S rRNA gene sequences;</li> <li><strong>16S_filtered.fasta.gz</strong>: merged, adapter trimmed and quality filtered 16S rRNA gene sequences;</li> <li><strong>16S_ID.txt</strong>: 16S file ID to sample ID mapping;</li> <li><strong>ITS_raw.tar</strong>: raw ITS sequences;</li> <li><strong>ITS_filtered.fasta.gz</strong>: merged, adapter trimmed and quality filtered ITS sequences;</li> <li><strong>ITS_ID.txt</strong>: ITS file ID to sample ID mapping;</li> <li><strong>Metadata.tsv</strong>: sample metadata;</li> <li><strong>Accessions.tsv</strong>: ENA project and sample accessions;</li> <li><strong>Helminths.tsv</strong>: helminths abundances table.</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Data from: Vascularization underlies differences in sexually selected skin coloration in a wild primate
<p>Male reproductive competition can select for condition-dependent, conspicuous traits that signal some aspect of fighting ability and facilitate assessment of potential rivals. However, the underlying mechanisms that link the signal to a male's current condition are difficult to investigate in wild populations. In this study, we used digital photographs and chest skin samples to investigate mechanisms of a visual signal used in male competition in a wild primate, the red chest patch in geladas (<em>Theropithecus</em> <em>gelada</em>) in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. We analyzed photographs collected during natural and anesthetized conditions to understand variability in male and female chest redness, and we used chest skin biopsies to explore sex differences in gene expression. Male and female geladas showed similar average redness, but males exhibited a wider within-individual range in redness under natural conditions. These sex differences were reflected at the molecular level, with 10.5% of genes exhibiting significant sex differences in expression. Subadult males exhibited intermediate expression patterns between adult males and females, pointing to mechanisms underlying the development of the red chest patch. We found that genes more highly expressed in males were associated with blood vessel development and maintenance but not with androgen or estrogen activity. Together, our results suggest male gelada redness variability is driven by increased blood vessel branching in the chest skin, providing a potential link between male chest redness and current condition as increased blood circulation to exposed skin could lead to heat loss in the cold, high-altitude environment of geladas.</p>
High temperatures are associated with decreased immune system performance in a wild primate
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Data from: Vascularization underlies differences in sexually selected skin coloration in a wild primate
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Data from: Stress responsiveness in a wild primate predicts survival across an extreme El Niño drought
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Environmental, sex-specific, and genetic determinants of infant social behavior in a wild primate
<p>Affiliative social bonds are linked to fitness components in many social mammals. However, despite their importance, little is known about how the tendency to form social bonds develops in young animals, or if the timing of development is heritable and thus can evolve. Using four decades of longitudinal observational data from a wild baboon population, we assessed the environmental determinants of an important social developmental milestone in baboons—the age at which a young animal first grooms a conspecific—and we assessed how the rates at which offspring groom their mothers develops during the juvenile period. We found that grooming development differs between the sexes: female infants groom at an earlier age and reach equal rates of grooming with their mother earlier than males. We also found that age at first grooming for both sexes is weakly heritable (h<sup>2</sup> = 0.043, 95% CI: 0.002 – 0.110). These results show that sex differences in grooming emerge at a young age; that strong, equitable social relationships between mothers and daughters begin very early in life; and that age at first grooming is heritable and therefore can be shaped by natural selection.</p>
Figure 2 in A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)
Figure 2. Relative frequencies of social activities presented by free-living (Grey) and captive individuals (Black): (A) Affiliative behaviours and (B) Agonistic behaviours. We observed 10 different types of social behaviour, which occurred under both captivity and free-living conditions.
Figure 4 in A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)
Figure 4. Captivity reduces agonistic interactions and does not change affiliative interactions. (A) Median and quartiles of the frequency of affiliative (A) and agonistic (B) behaviours presented by captive and free-living groups of S. libidinosus, separated by sex.
Figure 3 in A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)
Figure 3. Relative frequency of social behaviours for each of the ten studied groups (BG = Baixa Grande; JB = Jurubeba; PF = Pedra Furada; OT = Oitenta; GT = Gato; FJZB = Fundação Jardim Zoológico de Brasília; PEDI = Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos; PZT2 = Parque Zoobotânico deTeresina (ilha 2); PZT3 = Parque Zoobotânico de Teresina (ilha 3); PZT1 = Parque Zoobotânico de Teresina (ilha 1). Under free-living conditions, agonistic behaviours were proportionally more frequent than were affiliative behaviours.
Early prenatal but not postnatal glucocorticoid exposure is associated with enhanced HPA axis activity into adulthood in a wild primate
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Environmental, sex-specific, and genetic determinants of infant social behavior in a wild primate
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Data from: Repeatable glucocorticoid expression is associated with behavioural syndromes in males but not females in a wild primate
Behavioural syndromes are a well-established phenomenon in human and non-human animal behavioural ecology. However, the mechanisms that lead to correlations among behaviours and individual consistency in their expression at the apparent expense of behavioural plasticity remain unclear. The "state-dependent" hypothesis posits that inter-individual variation in behaviour arises from inter-individual variation in state and that the relative stability of these states within an individual leads to consistency of behaviour. The endocrine stress response, in part mediated by glucocorticoids (GCs), is a proposed behavioural syndrome-associated state as GC levels are linked to an individual's behavioural responses to stressors. In this study, in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), consistent inter-individual differences were observed in both sexes for GC activity (faecal glucocorticoid [fGC] concentrations), but not GC variation (coefficient of variation in fGC concentrations). The expression of the behavioural syndrome "Excitability" (characterized by the frequencies of brief affiliation or aggressive interactions) was related to GC activity in males but not in females; more "excitable" males had lower GC activity. There was no relationship in females between any of the behavioural syndromes and GC activity, nor in either sex with GC variation. The negative relationship between GC activity and Excitability in males provides some support for GC expression as a behavioural syndrome-generating state under the state-dependent framework. The absence of this relationship in females highlights that state-behavioural syndrome associations may not be generalizable within a species and that broader sex differences in state need to be considered for understanding the emergence and maintenance of behavioural syndromes.
Data from: Senescence or selective disappearance? Age trajectories of body mass in wild and captive populations of a small-bodied primate
Classic theories of ageing consider extrinsic mortality (EM) a major factor in shaping longevity and ageing, yet most studies of functional ageing focus on species with low EM. This bias may cause overestimation of the influence of senescent declines in performance over condition-dependent mortality on demographic processes across taxa. To simultaneously investigate the roles of functional senescence (FS) and intrinsic, extrinsic and condition-dependent mortality in a species with a high predation risk in nature, we compared age trajectories of body mass (BM) in wild and captive grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) using longitudinal data (853 individuals followed through adulthood). We found evidence of non-random mortality in both settings. In captivity, the oldest animals showed senescence in their ability to regain lost BM, whereas no evidence of FS was found in the wild. Overall, captive animals lived longer, but a reversed sex bias in lifespan was observed between wild and captive populations. We suggest that even moderately condition-dependent EM may lead to negligible FS in the wild. While high EM may act to reduce the average lifespan, this evolutionary process may be counteracted by the increased fitness of the long-lived, high-quality individuals.
Data from: Macronutrient signature of dietary generalism in an ecologically diverse primate in the wild
A question of considerable importance is why some animals are able to succeed on a wide range of diets while others are more tightly constrained. Theory predicts that generalists should show a flexible response for macronutrient acquisition in the face of ecologically-driven constraint on the nutritional balance of available foods, which in the modelling framework of nutritional geometry has been quantitatively characterized as an "equal distance" regulatory model. This prediction, which has empirical support from several laboratory studies on insects, has not been tested for any generalist animal in the wild, nor for any vertebrate. We performed the first such test, using 281 dawn-to-dusk focal animal observations over three years (2013-2015) of Rhesus macaques monkeys (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis), a primate that is second only to humans in ecological generalism. Results showed, as predicted, that macronutrient regulation conformed closely to the equal distance pattern, and differed markedly from the other, ecologically more-specialized primate species that have been studied to date. The same was independently true for lactating and non-lactating macaques, but lactating females had substantially higher intake of macronutrients, as well as the non-nutritional food components, indigestible fiber and tannins. This demonstrates that equal distance regulation by non-lactating monkeys was not an artefact of constraint such as restricted food availability or an upper limit to the ingestion of dietary fiber or plant tannins, but a strategic regulatory response to variation in dietary macronutrient balance. We discuss implications of our results for the most generalist primate of all, humans.
Supplementary File 4; Complete list of all wild herbivores, wild carnivores, wild primates and prosimians and wild rodents sampled in this study:
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Data from: Developmental constraints in a wild primate
Early-life experiences can dramatically affect adult traits. However, the evolutionary origins of such early-life effects are debated. The predictive adaptive response hypothesis argues that adverse early environments prompt adaptive phenotypic adjustments that prepare animals for similar challenges in adulthood. In contrast, the developmental constraints hypothesis argues that early adversity is generally costly. To differentiate between these hypotheses, we studied two sets of wild female baboons: those born during low-rainfall, low-quality years and those born during normal-rainfall, high-quality years. For each female, we measured fertility-related fitness components during years in adulthood that matched and mismatched her early conditions. We found support for the developmental constraints hypothesis: females born in low-quality environments showed greater decreases in fertility during drought years than females born in high-quality environments, even though drought years matched the early conditions of females born in low-quality environments. Additionally, we found that females born in low-quality years to high-status mothers did not experience reduced fertility during drought years. These results indicate that early ecological adversity did not prepare individuals to cope with ecological challenges in later life. Instead, individuals that experienced at least one high-quality early environment—either ecological or social—were more resilient to ecological stress in later life. Together, these data suggest that early adversity carries lifelong costs, which is consistent with the developmental constraints hypothesis.
What does it mean to be wild? Assessing anthropogenic environments of nonhuman primate specimens in museum collections
<p>Natural history collections are often thought to represent environments in a pristine natural state, free from human intervention – the so-called "wild". In this study, we aim to assess the level of human influence represented by natural history collections of wild-collected primates over 120 years at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH). Our sample consisted of 875 catarrhine primate specimens in NMNH collections, representing 13 genera collected from 39 countries (1882–2004). Using archival and accession information, we determined the approximate locations from which specimens were collected. We then plotted location coordinates onto publicly available anthrome maps created by Ellis et al. (2010), which delineate terrestrial biomes of human population density and land use worldwide since the 1700s. We found that among primates collected from their native ranges, 92% were from an environment that had some level of human impact, suggesting that the majority of presumed wild-collected primate specimens lived in an environment influenced by humans during their lifetimes. The degree to which human-modified environments may have impacted the lives of primates currently held in museum collections has been historically ignored, implicating unforeseen consequences for collections-based research. While unique effects related to commensalism with humans remain understudied, effects currently attributed to natural phenomena may, in fact, be related to anthropogenic pressures on unmanaged populations of primates.</p>
Data from: Repeatable glucocorticoid expression is associated with behavioural syndromes in males but not females in a wild primate
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.