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36 results for “wing length”
Fig. 5 in Wing-Length, Body Mass And Fat Reserves Of Robins (Erithacus Rubecula) During Autumn Migration In Hungary
Fig. 5. Mean body mass changes of the recaptured juveniles (Wilcoxon test, Tömörd, N = 84, W = 1986, p <0.05; Sumony, N = 104, W = 2744, NS; Ócsa, N = 141, W = 7135, p <0.001; Szalonna, N = 124 W = 4279, p <0.05. Since only a few individuals were recaptured in Izsák during the study period
Fig. 3 in Wing-Length, Body Mass And Fat Reserves Of Robins (Erithacus Rubecula) During Autumn Migration In Hungary
Fig. 3. Dendrogram of the cluster analysis of the juveniles' body mass in August (A), September (B), October (C) at the study sites (Euclides distance and Ward-Orlóczy method)
Fig. 4 in Wing-Length, Body Mass And Fat Reserves Of Robins (Erithacus Rubecula) During Autumn Migration In Hungary
Fig. 4. Mean fat reserves changes of the recaptured juveniles (Wilcoxon test, Tömörd, N = 84, W = 1282, p <0.05; Sumony, N = 105, W = 1079, NS; Ócsa, N = 141, W = 1967, p <0.05; Szalonna, N = 124 W = 1757, p <0.001. Since only a few individuals were recaptured in Izsák during the study pe-
Fig. 2 in Wing-Length, Body Mass And Fat Reserves Of Robins (Erithacus Rubecula) During Autumn Migration In Hungary
Fig. 2. Dendrogram of the cluster analysis of the juveniles' wing-length in August (A), September (B), October (C) at the study sites (Euclides distance and Ward-Orlóczy method)
Figure 4 in The effects of larval diet restriction on developmental time, preadult survival, and wing length in Drosophila melanogaster
Figure 4. Mean wing length (mm) of females and males developed on different diets. The error bars represent standard error of the mean.
Figure 3 in The effects of larval diet restriction on developmental time, preadult survival, and wing length in Drosophila melanogaster
Figure 3. Larva-to-pupa, larva-to-adult, and pupa-to-adult viability (number of adults as a proportion of the number of larvae transferred) as a percentage of different diets. The error bars represent standard errors of means.
Figure. Measurement data plotted for all nestlings as a function of age for the black stork: a) wing length (WL), b) head length (HL), c) bill length (BL), and d) tarsus length. in Age estimation of black stork (Ciconia nigra) nestlings from wing, bill, head, and tarsus lengths at the time of ringing
Figure. Measurement data plotted for all nestlings as a function of age for the black stork: a) wing length (WL), b) head length (HL), c) bill length (BL), and d) tarsus length.
Temperature during pupal development affects hoverfly developmental time, adult lifespan and wing length
<p><span>Hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) are cosmopolitan, generalist flower visitors and among the most important pollinators after bees and bumblebees. The dronefly <em>Eristalis tenax</em> can be found in temperate and continental climates across the globe, often synanthropically. <em>Eristalis tenax</em> pupae of different generations and different climate zones are thus exposed to vastly different temperatures. </span><span>In many insects, the ambient temperature during the pupal stage affects development, adult size, and survival; however, the effect of developmental temperature on these traits in hoverflies is comparatively poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>We here reared <em>Eristalis tenax </em>pupae at different temperatures, from 10°C to 25°C, and quantified the effect on adult hoverflies. </span><span>We found that pupal rearing at 17°C appeared to be optimal, with high eclosion rates, longer wings, and increased adult longevity. Rearing temperatures above or below this optimum led to decreased eclosion rates, wing size, and adult survival. Similar thermal dependence has been observed in other insects. </span><span>We found that rearing temperature had no significant effect on locomotor activity, coloration or weight, despite evidence of strong sexual dimorphism and batch identity effects for each of these traits. </span></p> <p><span>Our findings are important as hoverflies are key pollinators, and understanding the effects of developmental temperature could potentially be useful for horticulture. </span></p>
Temperature during pupal development affects hoverfly developmental time, adult lifespan and wing length
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Long-term increases in wing length occur independently of changes in climate and climate-driven shifts in body size
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Wing lengths of three Arctic butterfly species decrease as summers warm in Alaska
<p>Climate warming can cause arthropods to express plastic and/or evolved changes in morphology. Previous studies have demonstrated that body sizes of Arctic butterflies are influenced by the temperatures experienced as larvae. To investigate whether this was occurring among Alaskan butterflies, we analyzed temporal trends in the wing sizes of three Holarctic species, <em>Colias hecla, Boloria chariclea, </em>and<em> Boloria freija</em>, using museum specimens collected in Arctic tundra regions of Alaska between 1971 and 1995. Wing length was compared to accumulated growing degree days (GDD) during both the spring of the year collected and the previous year's summer during the normal period of larval development. We used mixed-effects models to test if spring and summer temperatures affected adult morphology. Results show that for every 1°C increase in average seasonal temperature, wingspans decreased between 0.7 millimeters and 5 millimeters, with <em>B. freija </em>the most strongly affected. Our results suggest that the morphological sensitivity of Arctic butterflies to warming is the outcome of interactions between life-history traits and regional climate, with all species sensitive to warming the summer before the flight year as well as warming the spring of the flight year. <em>Boloria freija</em>, which overwinters as late instar larvae that do not feed before pupation the following spring, was particularly strongly affected by summer warming.</p>
Fig. 1 in Wing-Length, Body Mass And Fat Reserves Of Robins (Erithacus Rubecula) During Autumn Migration In Hungary
Fig. 1. Location of ringing sites
Wing lengths of three Arctic butterfly species decrease as summers warm in Alaska
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Wing: A suitable non-lethal tissue type for repeatable and rapid telomere length estimates in bats
Telomeres are used increasingly in ecology and evolution as biomarkers for ageing and environmental stress, and are typically measured from DNA extracted from non-lethally sampled blood. However, obtaining blood is not always possible in field conditions and only limited amounts can be taken from small mammals, such as bats, which moreover lack nucleated red blood cells and hence yield relatively low amounts of DNA. As telomere length can vary within species according to age and tissue, it is important to determine which tissues serve best as a representation of the organism as a whole. Here, we investigated whether wing tissue biopsies, a rapid and relatively non-invasive tissue collection method, could serve as a proxy for other tissues when measuring relative telomere length (rTL) in the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Telomeres were measured from blood, brain, heart, kidney, liver lung, muscle and wing, and multiple wing biopsies were taken from the same individuals to determine intra-individual repeatability of rTL measured by using qPCR. Wing rTL correlated with rTL estimates from most tissues apart from blood. Blood rTL was not significantly correlated with rTL from any other tissue. Blood and muscle rTL were significantly longer compared with other tissues, while lung displayed the shortest rTLs. Individual repeatability of rTL measures from wing tissue was high (>76%). Here we show the relationships between tissue telomere dynamics for the first time in a bat, and our results provide support for the use of wing tissue for rTL measurements.
Data from: Consistent declines in wing lengths of Calidridine sandpipers suggest a rapid morphometric response to environmental change
A recent study demonstrated that semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) wing lengths have shortened from the 1980s to the present-day. We examined alternative and untested hypotheses for this change at an important stopover site, James Bay, Ontario, Canada. We evaluated morphometric patterns in wing length and bill length by age and sex, when possible, and assessed if wing shape has also changed during this time-period. We investigated patterns of morphological change in two additional Calidridine sandpipers, white-rumped sandpipers (Calidris fuscicollis) and least sandpipers (Calidris minutilla), to determine if shorter wing lengths are a widespread pattern in small sandpipers. We also examined allometric changes in wing and bill lengths to clarify if wing length declines were consistent with historical scaling relationships and indicative of a change in body size instead of only wing length change. We found that including sex and wing shape in analyses revealed important patterns in morphometric change for semipalmated sandpipers. Wing lengths declined for both sexes, but the magnitude of decline was smaller and not significant for males. Additionally, semipalmated sandpiper wings have become more convex, a shape that increases maneuverability in flight. Wing lengths, but not bill lengths, declined for most species and age classes, a pattern that was inconsistent with historical allometric scaling relationships. For juvenile semipalmated sandpipers, however, both bill and wing lengths declined according to historical scaling relationships, which could be a consequence of nutritional stress during development or a shift in the proportion of birds from smaller-sized, western breeding populations. Except for juvenile semipalmated sandpipers, we did not find evidence for an increase in the proportion of birds from different breeding populations at the stopover site. Given the wide, hemispheric distribution of these sandpipers throughout their annual cycles, our results, paired with those from a previous study, provide evidence for wide-spread reduction in wing lengths of Calidridine sandpipers since the 1980s. The shorter wing lengths and more convex wing shapes found in this study support the hypothesis that selection has favored more maneuverable wing morphology in small sandpipers.
Data on Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) body mass, wing, and headbill length
<p>Body-size reductions are a pervasive response to climate change, and body size is a central trait linking together multiple axes of ecology, physiology and life history. Using a combination of three decades of data and controlled experiments, we show that male and female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) have become smaller structurally, despite chicks growing larger under warmer nest temperatures and larger chicks being more likely to return as adults. We find that adult structural size trends are associated with warmer overwintering conditions, rather than the nestling period. Further, adult male body mass trends depend on climate conditions during spring migration; male breeding mass decreased by 4%, whereas female mass was unchanged. This may be explained by the demands of reproduction, as lighter females produce fewer offspring. This work highlights the complex interactions that shape relationships between traits and fitness, which will be critical for predicting evolutionary responses in future environments.</p>
Figure 2 in Development rates, larval survivorship and wing length of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) at constant temperatures
Figure 2. Temperature-dependent rate of development in male (A) and female (B) Culex pipiens from larva I until adult emergence: observed data (open circles) fitted to the Briére model (dotted line) and degree-day model (solid line).
Figure 1 in Development rates, larval survivorship and wing length of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) at constant temperatures
Figure 1. Median (Q1–Q3) developmental time (days) of males (M) and females (F) of Culex pipiens at five constant temperatures: (A) from larva I until adult emergence; (B) for larvae IV only. Within each temperature and life stage, medians followed by different letters are significantly different (P <0.05, Mann–Whitney U -test). Numbers of individuals that emerged as male or female are indicated in parentheses.
Figure 3 in Development rates, larval survivorship and wing length of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) at constant temperatures
Figure 3. Mean (± SEM) wing length of males (filled squares) and females (open squares) of Culex pipiens reared under constant temperature conditions. Asterisks indicate significant differences between sexes (Student's t-test, P <0.05). For each sex, means with different letters are significantly different (analysis of variance, Tukey's test, P <0.05).
Figure 6 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Figure 6. Evolutionary relationships of Philaethria based on DNA sequences from specimens of Philaethria wernickei (southern population; Atlantic Rain Forest) and individuals previously described as Philaethria pygmalion (northern population; Amazon Forest), depicted by the green shading (grey in print version). Philaethria diatonica and Philaethria dido were used to root the tree. Purple (grey) circles represent individuals from the Atlantic Rain Forest and black triangles indicate samples from the Amazon Basin. A, consensus Bayesian tree based on mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I, Co-I) and nuclear [triose-phosphate isomerase (Tpi), wingless (Wg), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)] DNA sequences. Posterior probabilities are shown above branches. Bootstrap node support based on maximum likelihood analysis is indicated below branches. Asterisks indicate node support lower than 70%. B, Median-joining network based on mtDNA and nuclear loci sequence data describing the relationship between haplotypes (purple indicates southern population, and black, northern population). Nucleotide substitutions are shown on the branches as small transverse bars. Circle size is proportional to haplotype frequency.
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