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F I G U R E 5 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 5 Log–log plot of the relative condition factor (Krel) vs. standard length (cm) calculated from length–weight relationships (LWRs) of the species (a) Argyropelecus affinis, (b) Argyropelecus sladeni, (c) Ceratoscopelus warmingii, (d) Diaphus dumerilii, (e) Electrona risso, (f) Lampanyctus nobilis, (g) Lepidophanes guentheri, (h) Notoscopelus resplendens and (i) Scopelogadus mizolepis (Table 3). Geographic regions are indicated by linetype, symbol and colour (EQ–C, dotted line, dark-blue square; EQ–N, two-dashed line, turquoise triangle; LO–E, solid line, red circle; LO–W, dashed line, violet diamond). If present, vertical dashed grey line indicates breakpoint in the LWR estimated by segmented regression analysis (cf. Table 2)

F I G U R E 1 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 1 Stations in the eastern low-oxygen (LO–E), western low-oxygen (LO–W), northern equatorial (EQ–N) and central equatorial (EQ–C) regions of the eastern tropical North Atlantic sampled in this study

F I G U R E 4 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 4 Distribution of form factor a3.0 for 55 mesopelagic species related to (a) body shape, (b) taxonomic family and (c) species. Form factor calculated from Equation 2 using across-species slope of S = 1.358 based on 1223 fish species presented in equation 17 in Froese (2006)

F I G U R E 3 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 3 Scatter plot of mean log a (SL) over mean b for 55 mesopelagic species with information on body shape. Body shape:, elongated;, fusiform;, short-deep

F I G U R E 2 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)

F I G U R E 2 Frequency distribution of (a) mean log a (binwidth 0.2) and (b) mean exponent b (binwidth 0.1) based on 55 records (measured in centimetres and grams) of mesopelagic species of the eastern tropical North Atlantic during cruise WH383

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Notes on Phalangiidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) of southern Africa with description of new species and comments on within-species variation.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Notes on Phalangiidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) of southern Africa with description of new species and comments on within-species variation". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/7920f4c8-415e-46cb-a9d9-1939ddedaa80">https://bionomia.net/dataset/7920f4c8-415e-46cb-a9d9-1939ddedaa80</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/7920f4c8-415e-46cb-a9d9-1939ddedaa80">https://gbif.org/dataset/7920f4c8-415e-46cb-a9d9-1939ddedaa80</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in pollinator communities maintains within-species floral odour variation

Flowering plants emit complex bouquets of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to mediate interactions with their pollinators. These bouquets are undoubtedly influenced by pollinator-mediated selection, particularly in deceptively-pollinated species that rely on chemical mimicry. However, many uncertainties remain regarding how spatially and temporally heterogeneous pollinators affect the diversity and distribution of floral odour variation. Here, we characterized and compared the floral odours of ten populations of deceptively-pollinated Arum maculatum (Araceae), and inter-annual and decadal variation in pollinator attraction within these populations. Additionally, we transplanted individuals from all sampled populations to two common garden sites dominated by different pollinator species (Psychoda phalaenoides or Psycha grisescens), and compared pollinator attraction rates to investigate whether populations maintained odour blends adapted to a specific pollinator. We identified high within- and among-population variation in a common blend of VOCs found across the range of A. maculatum. We also observed shifts in pollinator community composition within several populations over 1-2 years, as well as over the past decade. Common garden experiments further revealed that transplanted inflorescences generally attracted the dominant local pollinator species in both transplant sites. However, one population (Forêt du Gâvre, France) appears to exclusively attract P. grisescens, even when transplanted to a P. phalaenoides-dominated site. Together, our results suggest that maintaining diverse floral odour bouquets within populations may be advantageous when pollinator communities vary over short timescales. We propose that temporally-replicated ecological data are one potential key to understanding variation in complex traits such as floral odour, and in some cases may reveal resiliency to shifting pollinator communities.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Quantifying within-species trait variation in space and time reveals limits to trait-mediated drought response

Climate change is stressing many forests around the globe, yet some tree species may be able to persist through acclimation and adaptation to new environmental conditions. The ability of a tree to acclimate during its lifetime through changes in physiology and functional traits, defined here as its acclimation potential, is not well known. We investigated the acclimation potential of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees by examining within-species variation in drought response functional traits across both space and time, and how trait variation influences drought-induced tree mortality. We measured xylem tension, morphological traits, and physiological traits on mature trees in southwestern Colorado, USA across a climate gradient that spanned the distribution limits of each species and three years with large differences in climate. Trembling aspen functional traits showed high within-species variation, and osmotic adjustment and carbon isotope discrimination were key determinants for increased drought tolerance in dry sites and in dry years. However, trembling aspen trees at low elevation were pushed past their drought tolerance limit during the severe 2018 drought year, as elevated mortality occurred. Higher specific leaf area during drought was correlated with higher percentages of canopy dieback the following year. Ponderosa pine functional traits showed less within-species variation, though osmotic adjustment was also a key mechanism for increased drought tolerance. Remarkably, almost all traits varied more year-to-year than across elevation in both species. Our results shed light on the scope and limits of intraspecific trait variation for mediating drought responses in key southwestern US tree species and will help improve our ability to model and predict forest responses to climate change.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data from: Within-species trait variation can lead to size limitations in seed dispersal of small-fruited plants

The inability of small-gaped animals to consume very large fruits may limit seed dispersal of the respective plants. This has often been shown for large-fruited plant species that remain poorly dispersed when large-gaped animal species are lost due to anthropogenic pressure. Little is known about whether gape-size limitations similarly influence seed dispersal of small-fruited plant species that can show a large variation in fruit size within species. In this study, fruit sizes of 15 plant species were compared with the gape sizes of their 41 animal dispersers in the temperate, old-growth Białowieża Forest, Poland. The effect of gape-size limitations on fruit consumption was assessed at the plant species level, and for a subset of nine plant species, also at the individual level, and subindividual level (i.e., fruits of the same plant individual). In addition, for the species subset, fruit-seed trait relationships were investigated to determine whether a restricted access of small-gaped animals to large fruits results in the dispersal of fewer or smaller seeds per fruit. Fruit sizes widely varied among plant species (74.2%), considerably at the subindividual level (17.1%), and to the smallest extent among plant individuals (8.7%). Key disperser species should be able to consume fruits of all plant species and all individuals (except those of the largest-fruited plant species), even if they are able to consume only 28-55% of available fruits. Fruit and seed traits were positively correlated in eight out of nine plant species, indicating that gape size limitations will result in 49% fewer (in one plant species) or 16-21% smaller seeds (in three plant species) dispersed per fruit by small-gaped than by large-gaped main dispersers, respectively. Our results show that a large subindividual variation in fruit size is characteristic for small-fruited plant species, and increases their connectedness with frugivores at the level of plants species and individuals. Simultaneously, however, the large variation in fruit size leads to gape-size limitations that may induce selective pressures on fruit size if large-gaped dispersers become extinct. This study emphasizes the mechanisms by which gape-size limitation at the species, individual and subindividual level shape plant-frugivore interactions and the co-evolution of small-fruited plants.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Supplementary material for: Accounting for within-species variation in continuous trait evolution on a phylogenetic network

This supplementary material contains data and scripts for (1) a simulation study assessing the performance of our phylogenetic comparative method on trait data generated using an actual species network, and (2) a comparative analysis of how Polemonium leaflet size covaries with geographical predictors, assuming either a reticulate or non-reticulate time-calibrated phylogeny, accounting for or ignoring within-species variation. There are two top-level folders: (1) simulations: contains scripts to replicate the simulation study and associated figures in the subfolder "scripts", and results from the simulations in the subfolder "data". (2) polemonium: contains uncalibrated/calibrated species phylogenies (.tre), gene trees (.t, .tre) and genetic distance estimates (.csv) used for calibration, morphological and geographical data for Polemonium (.csv), and model estimates (.csv) in the subfolder "data"; and scripts to do calibration, preprocess the trait data, fit models and save estimates, and recreate figures from the article in the subfolder "scripts". The archive and each top-level folder contain their own README file with more detailed information.

publicAug 2021View details →

Data from: Within-species trait variation can lead to size limitations in seed dispersal of small-fruited plants

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publicJun 2023View details →

Supplementary material for: Accounting for within-species variation in continuous trait evolution on a phylogenetic network

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publicJun 2021View details →

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in pollinator communities maintains within-species floral odour variation

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publicJun 2022View details →

Quantifying within-species trait variation in space and time reveals limits to trait-mediated drought response

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FIGURE 5. A in Notes on Phalangiidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) of southern Africa with description of new species and comments on within-species variation

FIGURE 5. A: Rhampsinitus transvaalicus Lawrence 1931, major male, leg I, distal end of femur and patella, prolateral view. B: R. nubicolus, major male, leg I, distal end of femur and patella, prolateral view. C–F: R. unicolor, male; C: dorsal view; D: lateral view: E, penis, dorsal view; F: penis, right lateral view.

FIGURE 2. Rhampsinitus conjunctidens n in Notes on Phalangiidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) of southern Africa with description of new species and comments on within-species variation

FIGURE 2. Rhampsinitus conjunctidens n. sp. A–H: holotype; I–J: minor male; K: female. A: body, male, dorsal view; B: body, male, lateral view; C: left chelicera, major male, lateral view; D: left pedipalp, major male, lateral view; E: penis, left lateral view; F: glans, left lateral view; G: glans, left lateral view, interpretative diagram; H: penis, dorsal view; I: left chelicera, minor male, lateral view; J: left pedipalp, minor male, lateral view; K: female, dorsal view.

FIGURE 4. Rhampsinitus nubicolus Lawrence 1963 in Notes on Phalangiidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) of southern Africa with description of new species and comments on within-species variation

FIGURE 4. Rhampsinitus nubicolus Lawrence 1963; A, C, E–H: minor male, Misty Mountain Hotel; B, D: major male, Misty Mountain Hotel; G: female, Mariepskop. A: body, male, dorsal view; B: body, major male, lateral view; C: body, minor male, lateral view; D: right pedipalp, major male, lateral view; E: left chelicera, minor male, lateral view; F: penis, left lateral view; G: glans, left lateral view; H: penis, dorsal view; I: female.

FIGURE 3 in Notes on Phalangiidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) of southern Africa with description of new species and comments on within-species variation

FIGURE 3. Rhampsinitus discolor (Karsch 1878b), male. A: frontolateral view; B: dorsal view; C: penis, right lateral view; D: penis, dorsal view.

FIGURE 7. Rhampsinitus vittatus Lawrence 1931, male. A in Notes on Phalangiidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) of southern Africa with description of new species and comments on within-species variation

FIGURE 7. Rhampsinitus vittatus Lawrence 1931, male. A: Body, dorsal view; B: anterior part of body, lateral view; C: penis, left lateral view; D: penis, dorsal view; E: glans, left lateral view.

FIGURE 1 in Notes on Phalangiidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) of southern Africa with description of new species and comments on within-species variation

FIGURE 1. Megistobunus? sp. 1, male. A: body, dorsal view; B: anterior of body, lateral view; C: right chelicera, lateral view; D: left pedipalp, lateral view; E: penis, left lateral view; F: glans, left lateral view; G: penis, dorsal view.