Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-zeroMar 2016View details →

FIG. 2 in A revised heterostracan-based ichthyostratigraphy of the Wood Bay Formation (Lower Devonian, Spitsbergen), and correlation with Russian Arctic archipelagos

FIG. 2. — Stratigraphical section of the Andrée Land Block of northern Spitsbergen, after Harland (1997) and Blomeier et al. (2003a). Ages after Blieck et al. (2000, 2002) and McCann (2000). Note that: 1) it is common to subdivide the lowermost part of the Red Bay Group into Wulffberget, Rabotdalen (locally present) and Princesse Alicefjellet formations instead of only the Rivieratoppen Formation, according to Murashov & Mokin (1976, 1979) – this subdivision being applicable throughout the Devonian of northern Spitsbergen (Blomeier et al. 2003a, b); and 2) the Grey Hoek and Wijde Bay formations are considered as lateral equivalents and Eifelian in age by Schweitzer (1999); however, Schweitzer's idea that the Grey Hoek and Wijde Bay formations are of equal age is certainly not true along Wijdefjorden, where one lies on top of the other with a depositional boundary; upper parts of the Grey Hoek Formation in the Woodfjorden area may be coeval with the Wijde Bay Formation farther east (Blomeier et al. 2003a, b; W. Dallmann, pers. comm. 2007).

FIGURE 8 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters

FIGURE 8. Projection of the first two principal components displaying the contribution (cos2) of each tracheal characteristic. Vmm2= vessels per square millimeter; VD= mean vessel diameter; VL= mean vessel length; VG= mean vessel grouping; BAR= mean number of bars per perforation plate; T= tracheid proportion; SE= proportion of helical sculpture (latewood+early wood proportions); GR= growing rings; MESO= mesomorphy index.

FIGURE 6 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters

FIGURE 6. Distance dendogram displaying the comparison of the tracheal elements of the Tehuacán Fm. paleoflora with extant communities, fossil ones and Southern California ecological categories in the tracheal elements comparison. *Fossil paleofloras.

FIGURE 5 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters

FIGURE 5. Projection of the first two principal components displaying the contribution (cos2) of each anatomical character. (X1) Growth rings, (X2) Vessel grouping, (X3) Vessel frequency, (X4) Vessel diameter, (X5) Vessel wall thickness, (X6) Helical sculpture, (X7) Intervascular pit aperture diameter, (X8) Alternate intervessel pits, (X9) Opposite intervessel pits, (X10) Scalariform intervessel pits, (X11) Simple perforation plates, (X12) Scalariform perforation plates, (X13) Fibre Wall thickness, (X14) Fibre lumen diameter, (X15) Tracheids, (X16) Fibrotracheids, (X17) Libriform fibres, (X18) Parenchyma diffuse in aggregates, (X19) Vasicentric parenchyma, (X20) Aliform parenchyma, (X21) Apotracheal parenchyma bands, (X22) Concentric parenchyma bands, (X23) Marginal parenchyma, (X24) Height of uniseriate ray (µm), (X25) Height of uniseriate ray (Nº cells), (X26) Percentage of uniseriate rays, (X27) Exclusively uniseriate rays, (X28) Width of multiseriate ray (µm), (X29) Width of multiseriate ray (Nº cells), (X30) Length of uniseriate extensions (µm), (X31) Length of uniseriate extensions (Nº cells), (X32) Storied structure, (X33) Heterocellular rays, (X34) Homocellular rays.

FIGURE 3 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters

FIGURE 3. Distance dendogram showing the anatomical similarity between extant communities, fossil ones and the Tehuacán Fm. paleoflora. *Fossil paleofloras.

FIGURE 7 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters

FIGURE 7. Projection of the first two principal components that displays the contribution (contrib) and spatial position of each communities within the PCA.

FIGURE 4 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters

FIGURE 4. Projection of the first two principal components displaying the contribution (contrib) and spatial position of each community within the PCA.

FIGURE 2 in Paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Upper Oligocene Tehuacán Formation, Puebla State, Mexico, as determined from wood anatomical characters

FIGURE 2. Morpho-anatomic diversity of the paleoflora of the Tehuacán Fm. - A: Morphotype 2. Diffuse porosity with solitary and aggregates of vessels (2-3) with tylosis (TS). - B: Morphotype 16. Diffuse porosity with solitary and aggregate vessels (2), vasicentric and banded parenchyma bands (white arrows) (TS). - C: Morphotype 6. Detail of solitary and aggregate vessel elements with dark contents, thick walls and parenchyma bands (TS). - D: Morphotype 12. Long and wide vessel elements and multiseriate rays (RSL). - E: Morphotype 1. Vessel elements with alternate intervascular pits (RSL). - F: Morphotype 4. Short and wide vessel elements with alternating intervascular pits (TSL). - G: Morphotype 3. Biseriate rays (TSL). -H: Morphotype 19. Multiseriate rays and abundant axial parenchyma (TSL). - I: Morphotype 14. Rays mostly biseriate, some uniseriate (white arrows). Scale bar: 250 µm in A, B; 100 µm in C, D, E, G, H, I; 50 µm in F.

FIG. 21 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 21. — Comparison between Eocene (Licht et al. 2014, 2015) and Miocene (this study) forest assemblage and diversity of Myanmar with the list of related fossil genera and supposed forest types they belong to. Underlined names are genera found in both formations. Yellow stars mark the schematic position of sampling sites.

FIG. 16 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 16. — Shoreoxylon cf. sumatraense Du, MNHN.F.50193: A, Ts, vessel often in groups, sometimes in clusters (arrows); B, Ts, long tangential lines of secretory canals (arrows) close to each other; C, D, Tls, 1-4-seriate rays; E, Tls, 3-seriate rays with a uniseriate row of six marginal cells (white arrow), abundant parenchyma (black arrow), 4-8 cells per strand; F, Rls, vessel-ray pits irregular in shape, simple with reduced borders (arrows); G, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed), visible bands of parenchyma as grey lines and recognized secretory canals as red dots, arranged mostly in long and closely spaced tangential lines; H, Rls, vasicentric tracheids (arrows); I, Rls, heterocellular ray with square or upright marginal cells (arrows). Scale bars: G, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; C, 500 µm; B, 330 µm; D, I, 200 µm; E, H, 100 µm; F, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 13 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 13. — Dryobalanoxylon cf. javanense (Kräusel) Den Berger, MNHN.F.50190: A, Ts, Vessels seemingly exclusively solitary and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (between arrows); B, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots, arranged mostly in long tangential lines; C, Ts, tyloses in vessels (arrow); D, Tls 1-6 seriate rays with some sheath cells (white arrows), vasicentric tracheids (black arrows) and fibre-tracheids (grey arrow); E, Ts, detail of secretory canals embedded in tangential bands of parenchyma; F, Rls, simple vessel-ray pits with reduced borders in irregular shapes; G, Rls, silica bodies (?) in ray cells; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with mostly 1-4 rows of square or upright marginal cells. Scale bars: B, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; C-E, H, 200 µm; F-G, 50 µm.

FIG. 12 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 12. — Dipterocarpoxylon cf. jammuense Guleria, Gupta & Srivastava, MNHN.F.50189: A, Ts, seemingly exclusively solitary vessels, vasicentric parenchyma, small pores interpreted as solitary secretory canals or in short lines (arrows); B, D, Ts, short lines of secretory canals (arrows); C, Tls, 1-6-seriate rays, with rows of uniseriate marginal cells up to 19 cells, frequent uniseriate rays and sheath cells present (arrow); E, Ts, vessel puggled with tyloses, surrounded par vasicentric parenchyma (black arrow), secretory canals solitary or in short lines, surrounded by parenchyma (white arrow); F, Rls, heterocellular rays with square or upright cells (black arrow) and procumbent cells (white arrow) mixed throughout the rays because of the presence of sheath cells, uniseriate rays and long row of marginal cells; G, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (arrow). Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C-F, 200 µm; G, 100 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 11 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 11. — Anisopteroxylon sp., MNHN.F.50188: A, Ts, strongly compressed wood, poorly distinguishable vessels, seemingly exclusively solitary, small pores that could be solitary secretory canals (arrows); B, Tls, simple perforation plates, vasicentric tracheids (arrows); C, D, Tls, 1-7-seriate rays with continuous sheath cells all around multiseriate rays (arrow); E, Rls, heterocellular rays with procumbent cells in median portion (white arrow) and square or upright marginal cells (black arrow), sometimes appearing with both types mixed due to sheath cells; F, Rls, silica bodies (?) in ray cells. Scale bars: A, C, 500 µm; B, D-E, 200 µm; F, 100 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 14 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 14. — Dryobalanoxylon sp., MNHN.F.50191: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and vasicentric to slightly aliform parenchyma, short line of secretory canals embedded in long tangential bands of parenchyma; B, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed), visible bands of parenchyma as grey lines and recognized secretory canals as red dots; C, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (arrows); D, Tls, simple perforation plates (arrows), 2-4 seriate homocellular to weakly heterocellular rays with a storied tendency at some places (segments); E, Tls, detail of a 4-seriate ray; F, Rls, heterocellular ray with one row of square marginal cells (arrow); G, Ts, solitary vessels with tyloses and surrounded by vasicentric to slightly aliform parenchyma. Scale bars: B, 1 cm; A, 500 µm; D, 250µm; F-G, 200 µm; C, E, 100 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 8 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 8. — Pahudioxylon bankurensis Chowdhury, Ghosh & Kazmi, MNHN.F.50183: A, Ts, solitary vessels or in radial multiples of 2-4, aliform parenchyma with marginal crystals (black arrow) and marginal parenchyma (white arrow); B, Ts, detail of aliform parenchyma with crystals in marginal cells; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits, probably vestured (arrow); D, Tls, rays with storied tendency (arrows); E, Tls, 2-3 seriate, not storied rays with crystalliferous parenchyma (black arrow), strand of parenchyma made of 4 cells (white arrow); F, Rls, homocellular ray; G, Rls, sometimes but rarely crystals in marginal ray cells (arrow). Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, 200 µm; F-G, 150 µm; C, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 9 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 9. — Pahudioxylon cf. bankurensis Chowdhury, Ghosh & Kazmi, MNHN.F.50184: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels, aliform parenchyma with crystals in marginal cells (black arrow), marginal parenchyma (bottom) and diffuse parenchyma (white arrow); B, Ts, detail of diffuse parenchyma (white arrow), often in contact with rays; C, Tls, storied rays in some parts of the section; D, Tls, 1-3-seriate homocellular rays in a non-storied part of the section; E, Rls, crystals in parenchyma strands, the strand on the left being diffuse parenchyma; F, Rls, homocellular ray; G, Tls, alternate intervessel pits, apparently vestured. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; C, 500 µm; B, D-E, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; G, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 10 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 6 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 6. — Koompassioxylon elegans Kramer, MNHN.F.50180 (A-E, G), MNHN.F.50181 (F): A, Ts, vessel size and groups, aliform parenchyma with pointed wings and marginal parenchyma sometimes merged with small vessels (arrow); B, Ts, detail of winged-aliform parenchyma; C, Tls, non-vestured,alternate and polygonal intervessel pits; D, Tls, 2-3-seriate rays with crystalliferous parenchyma (arrow); E, Tls, detail of the chambered crystalliferous parenchyma (arrow); F: storied ray tendency, mostly 2-3-seriate rays; G, Rls, heterocellular rays with crystals in upright (sometimes subdivided) marginal cells (arrow). Scale bars: A, 1 mm; F, 500 µm; B, D-E, G, 200 µm; C, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 5 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 5. — Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium Prakash, MNHN.F.50176 (A-C, E), MNHN.F.50177 (D, F), MNHN.F.50178 (G): A, Ts, vessels, parenchyma alternately banded, aliform and vasicentric, growth limits between arrows; B, Tls, 1-3 seriate rays, non-septate fibres; C, Rls, heterocellular rays with 1-2 rows of marginal cells (arrows); D, Tls, mostly 2-seriate rays with parenchyma sometimes crystalliferous (arrow); E, Tls, alternate intervessel pits; F, Ts, banded and aliform parenchyma; G: Ts, banded and aliform parenchyma. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; F-G, 500 µm; B, D, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; E, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.