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16 results for “worm lizards”
Fig. 7 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 7. Forelimb (with details of manus) of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. ZPAL MgR-III/79, CT-scans. The dotted line in A1 marks surface where the digit I and II are eroded; outlines in A2 mark phalanges and metacarpals (preserved and reconstructed). B. ZPAL MgR-I/9; photograph (B1), outlines of the forearm and partially preserved hand (B2). C. ZPAL MgR-I/8, partially preserved hand.
Fig. 9 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 9. Hindlimb of Slavoia darevskii. A. Based on ZPAL MgR-I/9, tibia in ventral view. B. Based on PIN 3142/358, outlines of hindlimb in dorsal (B1) and anterior (B2) views.
Fig. 4 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 4. Pectoral girdle of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. ZPAL MgR-III/76, scapulacoracoid in anterior view; the black line marks missing parts seen in other specimens. B. ZPAL MgR-I/8, pectoral girdle with ventral edge of clavicle, interclavicle (morphotype I), coracoids, and proximal part of humerus. C. PIN 4487/14, sternum with rib attachments, coracoids with epicoracoids, interclavicle (morphotype I), humerus, cervical, and skull in ventral view.
Fig. 3 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 3. Reconstruction of scapulocoracoid of Slavoia darevskii based on different specimens, in anterior (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views. E. Reconstruction of epicoracoid assuming that it did not reach the suprascapula.
Fig. 13 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 13. Evolution of pectoral girdles of Lacertidae, Slavoia darevskii, and families of Amphisbaenia. Crosses mark at least three independent losses of the forelimbs among worm lizards.
Fig. 1 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 1. The axial skeleton of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. The reconstruction of the first four vertebrae in dorsal view (based on different specimens). B. The reconstruction of sternum in ventral view (based on PIN 4487/14). C. The reconstruction of first hypapophysis (based on ZPAL MgR-I/108). D. PIN 3142/358, complete presacral vertebrate column in dorsal view; photo courtesy of Vladimir Alifanov. E. ZPAL MgR-I/78, the neck with well preserved, blunt and broad cervical ribs. F. The reconstruction (based on ZPAL MgR-I/8) of the fifth caudal vertebra in lateral (F1) and dorsal (F2) views; sacral vertebrae in dorsal view (F3).
Fig. 6 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 6. Reconstruction of right humerus (A) and ulna (B) of Slavoia darevskii. A. ZPAL MgR-I/8, holotype. Proximal head with partially preserved epiphysis in proximal (A1) and ventral (A2) views, the shaft and distal head in medial view (A3), and distal head in distal view (A4). B. ZPAL MgR-I/9, subadult, in lateral (B1), posterior (B2), and medial (B3) views.
Fig. 15 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 15. Sequence of evolutionary changes in the amphisbaenian body plan proposed in this work. The phylogenetic relationships are taken from Kearney and Stuart (2004) and Tałanda (2016).
Fig. 5 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 5. Humerus of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (ZPAL MgR-I/8) from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. Distal part in medial view. B. Humerus in ventral view, displaying also coracoid and interclavicule.
Fig. 11 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 11. The stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (PIN 3142/358, posterior half) from late Campanian of Mongolia; displaying nearly complete hindlimb and ischia. Photograph from the rear showing reduced pes (A), ventral side (B). Photos courtesy of Vladimir Alifanov.
Fig. 2 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 2. Reconstructions of clavicles (C, D) and interclavicles (A, B) of Slavoia darevskii. A. Morphotype I based on ZPAL MgR-I/8, in anterior (C1), lateral (C2), and ventral (C3) views. B. Comparison of the morphotypes II and I in the same scale. C. Morphotype I based on ZPAL MgR-I/8. D. Outlines of the morphotype II preserved in ZPAL MgR-III/80; grey lines, damaged edges of the clavicle; dotted line, hypothetical reconstruction of missing part. Both in anterior view.
Fig. 8 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 8. Reconstruction of pelvis of Slavoia darevskii. A. Based on PIN 3142/358, paired ischia in ventral view. B. Based on ZPAL MgR-I/8, in lateral view; the dashed line marks missing part.
Fig. 10 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 10. The stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (ZPAL MgR-I/9) from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. Left femur in posterior view. B. Tibia in posterior view.
Fig. 12 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii
Fig. 12. Reconstruction of the whole skeleton of Slavoia darevskii in dorsal view.
Data from - A new tale of lost tails: correlates of tail breakage in the worm lizard Amphisbaena vermicularis
Predator-prey interactions are important evolutionary drivers of defensive behaviours, but they are usually difficult to record. This lack of data on natural history and ecological interactions of species can be overcome through museum specimens, at least for some reptiles. When facing aggressive interactions, reptile species may exhibit the defensive behaviour of autotomy by losing the tail, which is also known as 'urotomy'. The inspection of preserved specimens for scars of tail breakage can reveal possible ecological and biological correlates of urotomy. Herein we investigated how the probability of urotomy in the worm lizard <i>Amphisbaena vermicularis</i> is affected by sex, body size, temperature, and precipitation. We found higher chances of urotomy for specimens with larger body size and from localities with warmer temperatures or lower precipitation. There was no difference in urotomy frequency between sexes. Older specimens likely faced – and survived – more predation attempts through their lifetime than smaller ones. Specimens from warmer regions might be more active both below- and aboveground, increasing the odds to encounter predators, and hence urotomy. Probability of urotomy decreased with increased precipitation. Possibly, in places with heavier rainfall worm lizards come more frequently to the surface when galleries are filled with rainwater, remaining more exposed to efficient predators, which could result in less survival rates and fewer tailless specimens. This interesting defensive behaviour is widespread in squamates, but yet little understood among amphisbaenians. The novel data presented here improve our understanding on the correlates of tail breakage and help us to interpret more tales of lost tails.
Data from - A new tale of lost tails: correlates of tail breakage in the worm lizard Amphisbaena vermicularis
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