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9 results for “yield decline”
Data and scripts for the analysis of the influence of crop pollinator dependence and growth form on yield decline
<p>Marcelo A. Aizen, Gabriela R. Gleiser, Thomas Kitzberger, Ruben Milla. <strong>Being a tree crop increases the odds of experiencing yield declines irrespective of pollinator dependence </strong>(to be submitted to PCI)</p> <p> </p> <p>Data and R scripts to reproduce the analyses and the figures shown in the paper. All analyses were performed using R 4.0.2.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data</strong></p> <p>1. FAOdata_21-12-2021.csv</p> <p>This file includes yearly data (1961-2020, column 8) on yield and cultivated area (columns 6 and 10) at the country, sub-regional, and regional levels (column 2) for each crop (column 4) drawn from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization database (data available at <a href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en">http://www.fao.org/faostat/en</a>; accessed July 21-12-2021). [Used in Script 1 to generate the synthesis dataset]</p> <p>2. countries.csv</p> <p>This file provides information on the region (column 2) to which each country (column 1) belongs. [Used in Script 1 to generate the synthesis dataset]</p> <p>3. dependence.csv</p> <p>This file provides information on the pollinator dependence category (column 2) of each crop (column 1).</p> <p>4. traits.csv</p> <p>This file provides information on the traits of each crop other than pollinator dependence, including, besides the crop name (column1), the variables type of harvested organ (column 5) and growth form (column 6). [Used in Script 1 to generate the synthesis dataset]</p> <p>5. dataset.csv</p> <p>The synthesis dataset generated by Script 1.</p> <p>6. growth.csv</p> <p>The yield growth dataset generated by Script 1 and used as input by Scripts 2 and 3.</p> <p>7. phylonames.csv</p> <p>This file lists all the crops (column 1) and their equivalent tip names in the crop phylogeny (column 2). [Used in Script 2 for the phylogenetically-controlled analyses]</p> <p>8.phylo137.tre</p> <p>File containing the phylogenetic tree.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Scripts</strong></p> <p>1. dataset</p> <p>This R script curates and merges all the individual datasets mentioned above into a single dataset, estimating and adding to this single dataset the growth rate for each crop and country, and the (log) cumulative harvested area per crop and country over the period 1961-2020.</p> <p>2. analyses</p> <p>This R script includes all the analyses described in the article’s main text.</p> <p>3. figures</p> <p>This R script creates all the main and supplementary figures of this article.</p> <p>4. lme4_phylo_setup</p> <p>R function written by Li and Bolker (2019) to carry out phylogenetically-controlled generalized linear mixed-effects models as described in the main text of the article.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Li, M., and B. Bolker. 2019. wzmli/phyloglmm: First release of phylogenetic comparative analysis in lme4- verse. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2639887.</p>
The roles of climate and alternative prey in explaining 142 years of declining willow ptarmigan hunting yield
<p><span>Long time series are important because they extend back to an era when animal populations were less influenced by habitat loss and climate change. Annual fluctuations in harvest yields are good proxies for large changes in population size and may reveal underlying ecological processes. From a variety of sources, we built a 142-year long time series representing the mean daily catch (CPUE) of willow ptarmigan <em>Lagopus lagopus</em> in southeastern Norway. CPUE decreased over the 142 years, from 35 birds shot per day in early years to around two in the last years. There were three periods in the time series: a first period with 3-5 year cycles of high peaks and low troughs (1872-1900), a short second period with similarly high peaks, variable depth of troughs and variable cyclicity (1901-1916), and a third long period with much lower peaks and faded cycles (1917-2013). Yearly variation in CPUE was best explained by an interacting effect of small rodent peak years and period, with a reduced positive effect of rodents in the last period, and a positive effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation index in spring and early summer. None of the weather variables with significant time trends explained any variation in CPUE and we could therefore not attribute the decline in CPUE directly to climate change. We postulate that a long-term dampening of the amplitude in small rodent cycles combined with an increase in red fox numbers, have increased predation on alternative prey like ptarmigan, and prevented the populations from reaching their earlier peaks. Even though the present population of willow ptarmigan is only a fraction of what it was in former days, we recommend light hunting to motivate for monitoring and to keep public attention on the bird. </span></p>
The roles of climate and alternative prey in explaining 142 years of declining willow ptarmigan hunting yield
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Data from: Sensitivity of commercial pumpkin yield to potential decline among different groups of pollinating bees
The yield of animal-pollinated crops is threatened by bee declines, but its precise sensitivity is poorly known. We therefore determined the yield dependence of Hokkaido pumpkin in Germany on insect pollination by quantifying: (i) the relationship between pollen receipt and fruit set and (ii) the cumulative pollen deposition of each pollinator group. We found that approximately 2500 pollen grains per flower were needed to maximize fruit set. At the measured rates of flower visitation, we estimated that bumblebees (21 visits/flower lifetime, 864 grains/visit) or honeybees (123 visits, 260 grains) could individually achieve maximum crop yield, whereas halictid bees are ineffective (11 visits, 16 grains). The pollinator fauna was capable of delivering 20 times the necessary amount of pollen. We therefore estimate that pumpkin yield was not pollination-limited in our study region and that it is currently fairly resilient to single declines of honeybees or wild bumblebees.
Plant biodiversity declines with increasing coffee yield in Ethiopia's coffee agroforests
<p>1. Tropical agroforestry systems provide farmers with resources for their livelihoods, but are also well recognized as refuges for biodiversity. However, the relationship between yield and biodiversity might be negative in these systems, reflecting a potential trade-off between managing for increased yield or biodiversity. The potential for synergies will depend partly on the shape of the biodiversity-yield relationship, where a concave relationship suggests a faster decline of biodiversity with increasing yields than a linear or convex shape. 2. We studied the relationship between biodiversity (plant species richness and composition) and coffee yield along a gradient of management in southwestern Ethiopia, coffee's native range. We inventoried species richness and community composition of woody plants, herbaceous plants and bryophytes at 60 sites. We also measured coffee management-related variables and assessed coffee yield for three consecutive years at each site. 3. Species richness of woody plants had a concave relationship with coffee yield, i.e. tree richness declined fast initially before levelling out at higher yields, whereas there was no relationship between coffee yield and species richness of herbaceous plants or bryophytes. Species composition of woody plants, herbaceous plants and bryophytes all had a concave relationship with coffee yield. 4. From a methodological perspective, we found that multi-year data on yield was necessary to reliably assess the relationship between biodiversity and yield, and that the number of coffee shrubs or coffee dominance were poor proxies for yield when trying to capture the biodiversity-yield relationship. 5. Synthesis and applications: The concave relationship between biodiversity components (species richness and composition) and yield suggests that there is a strong conflict between the goals of increasing production and conserving biodiversity. However, it is important to recognize that this pattern is largely driven by the very low-yielding sites in natural forests. Here, even minor intensification of coffee management seems to rapidly erode biodiversity. Along the rest of the productivity gradient, there was generally no negative relationship between yield and biodiversity, implying opportunities for developing strategies for increasing yields without biodiversity loss.</p>
Data from: Sensitivity of commercial pumpkin yield to potential decline among different groups of pollinating bees
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Data from: Seven decades of mountain hare counts show severe declines where high‐yield recreational game bird hunting is practised
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Plant biodiversity declines with increasing coffee yield in Ethiopia’s coffee agroforests
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Reversing native tree expansion yields population-level benefit for a declining obligate of an imperiled biome data sets and code
<p>Data and code associated with "Reversing native tree expansion yields population-level benefit for an imperiled species."</p>
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