Speech & Language Disorders
Clinical reference for 15 disorders — diagnostic criteria, prevalence, clinical presentation, and how language sample analysis supports assessment.
Pediatric
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)
Developmental language disorder is a persistent language impairment that is not explained by another medical condition and affects roughly 1 in 14 children.
View detailsExpressive Language Delay
Expressive language delay describes children whose spoken output lags behind age expectations while their receptive skills remain within the typical range.
View detailsReceptive Language Disorder
Receptive language disorder is a persistent impairment in understanding spoken language that is not better explained by hearing loss or another medical condition.
View detailsMixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
A mixed profile describes children whose comprehension and production are both impaired — the most common presentation under the DLD umbrella.
View detailsSpecific Language Impairment (SLI)
Specific language impairment is the older diagnostic label, now largely replaced by Developmental Language Disorder but still present in research literature.
View detailsPhonological Disorder
Phonological disorder is characterised by rule-based speech sound error patterns — entire classes of sounds affected in predictable ways — rather than isolated mis-articulations.
View detailsArticulation Disorder
An articulation disorder involves isolated difficulty producing specific speech sounds correctly, typically with intact phonological representation.
View detailsChildhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
Childhood apraxia of speech is a rare motor planning disorder characterised by inconsistent error patterns, disrupted prosody, and lengthened coarticulatory transitions.
View detailsSelective Mutism
Selective mutism is an anxiety-based disorder in which a child consistently fails to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in others.
View detailsSocial (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
Social communication disorder is a persistent impairment in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication that is not better explained by autism.
View detailsLifespan
Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
A fluency disorder (stuttering) involves disruptions in the forward flow of speech, including repetitions, prolongations, and blocks, with or without physical concomitants.
View detailsDysarthria
Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder caused by muscle weakness or incoordination affecting respiration, phonation, articulation, resonance, and prosody.
View detailsVoice Disorder
A voice disorder is an impairment in vocal quality, pitch, loudness, or endurance that interferes with communication or the speaker's occupational or personal life.
View detailsDysphagia (Swallowing Disorder)
Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder caused by neurological, structural, or functional impairment that can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, or aspiration pneumonia.
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