Fig. 4 in Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)

Fig. 4. Examples of mixed-species hunting groups from ca. 50-80 m depth at the Everest deep pinnacle site. (A) Caranx melampygus, Caranx lugubris, Mycteroperca olfax hunting in groups around the steep upper slope and peak, where smaller prey fish like Paranthias colonus aggregate in the water column. Periodic attacks by single fish and adjacent pairs were observed. (B) C. melampygus, C. lugubris and M. olfax move as a group but widely spaced in this setting. Individual fish attacked proximate prey that reacted to nearby predators. (C) Seriola rivoliana, D. dermatolepis, Lutjanus argentiventris, Bodianus diplotaenia and Aulostomus chinensis hunt for prey amongst corals and within crevices. (D) Image recorded soon after C (previous image) illustrating D. dermatolepis and B. diplotaenia entering, and A. chinensis emerging from a dense patch of corals to hunt while S. rivoliana maneuver above to encounter potential escaping prey. (E) M. olfax and L. argentiventris follow a moray eel (hidden within narrow crevice). (F) Large group of S. rivoliana and M. olfax move in tandem around the summit and upper slope, with occasional attacks by individuals on potential prey.