Figure 4 from: Ruan Y, Konstantinov AS, Shi G, Tao Y, Li Y, Johnson AJ, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu J, Li W, Ge S, Yang X (2020) The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg. ZooKeys 915: 87-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348

Figure 4 Take-off strategy of flea beetles (Asiophrida xanthospilota is shown in the photos at the top of the figure). Acceleration data were calculated based on three typical jumps recorded by a high-speed camera. The three different species were chosen to represent flea beetles with different sizes A Phase I (Crunching): tibial flexor muscles contract, causing flexion of the tibia B Phase II (Co-contraction): tibial extensor muscles and tibial flexor muscles contract simultaneously, catching the triangular plate and hindering the extension of the tibia C Phase III (Triggering and Acceleration), the triangular plate is dislodged, causing the explosive release of energy D Phase IV (Relaxation), the flea beetle is catapulted into the air and the muscles begin to relax.