Figure 17. A in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach

Figure 17. A, topological appearance of m. transversospinalis capitis on anterior vertebrae and skull of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027). The insertion is inferred as strongly tendinous, and is rendered as white. B, topological appearance of m. longissimus capitis superficialis restored on the same skeleton. The posterior origin was tendinous, and its morphology is depicted as white. C, D, topological appearance of (C) m. complexus and (D) m. iliocostalis capitis on anterior axial skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton (AMNH 5027). A′–D′, functional inference strengths of muscles after visualization of inference space in Figure 2. A′, strength of functional inference for m. transversospinalis capitis (m. trans. cap. strong Level I′ inference of dorsiflexion). B′, weaker, Level II′ inference of lateroflexion in m. longissimus capitis superficialis. C′, D′, Level II′ strengths of functional inference for m. complexus (m. compl.) and m. iliocostalis capitis (m. il. cap.).