Figure 18 in Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach

Figure 18. Topological appearance of (A) m. splenius capitis (medial part) and (B) m. longus colli dorsalis/ transversospinalis cervicis, on anterior vertebrae and skull of Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton (AMNH 5027). Note that the parietals are probably closer to the axial neural spine than in neutral life posture, and m. splenius capitis would be longer than shown here. C, topological appearance of m. splenius on another specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI 3033). M. complexus is also represented, and m. transversospinalis capits is depicted as though reflected back. D, E, appearance of m. longissimus capitis profundus (large anterior muscle), and cervical mm. intertransversarii (bands between transverse processes), on skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027). A′–E′, functional inference strengths of muscles after visualization of inference space in Figure 2. A′, strength of functional inference for m. splenius capitis of tyrannosaurids, for head dorsiflexion and stabilization. The large inference space is possible by morphological and physiological bracketing between homologous muscles in birds and crocodilians. B′, strength of functional inference for m. transversospinalis cervicis of tyrannosaurids, for neck dorsiflexion. Inference strengh is particularly high for this muscle. D′, Level II′ inference for ventroflexion by m. longissimus capitis profundus. E′, inferernce for lateroflexion by mm. interntransversarii, with poor, Level III′ support from physiological data; EMG has been uninformative about mm. intertrans. lateroflexion in extant archosaurs .