Trichoderma atroviride P1 Colonization of Tomato Plants Enhances Both Direct and Indirect Defense Barriers Against Insects

<p><strong>FIGURE 1</strong>&nbsp;</p> <p>Survival rate of&nbsp;<em>S. littoralis</em>&nbsp;larvae, from 3rd instar (time 0) to pupation, reared on tomato leaves obtained from plants treated with&nbsp;<em>Trichoderma atroviride</em>&nbsp;P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test,&nbsp;<em>P</em>&nbsp;= 0.0027).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>FIGURE 3</strong>&nbsp;</p> <p>Survival of&nbsp;<em>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</em>&nbsp;reared on tomato plants treated with&nbsp;<em>T. atroviride</em>&nbsp;P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test,&nbsp;<em>P</em>&nbsp;= 0.0012).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>FIGURE 4</strong>&nbsp;</p> <p>Flight behavior of&nbsp;<em>Aphidius ervi</em>&nbsp;females (%) toward tomato plants inoculated with&nbsp;<em>T. atroviride</em>&nbsp;P1 and untreated controls. Asterisk indicates a significant difference, assigned by&nbsp;<em>G</em>&nbsp;test for independence (<em>P</em>&nbsp;&lt; 0.001).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>TABLE 1</strong></p> <p>GC-MS detection of VOCs released by tomato plants obtained from seeds untreated (Control) and treated with&nbsp;<em>Trichoderma atroviride</em>&nbsp;strain P1.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>