FIGURE 8 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex

FIGURE 8. Summary of latero- and dorsiflexive capabilities (indicated by arrows) of major T. rex craniocervical muscles, with the head held in a neutral posture. Capacities are color coded, with black indicating the greatest absolute and relative values. Note that dorsiflexors could do more work than muscles acting collectively in lateroflexion (with capacity doubling under bilateral contraction), and that M. transversospinalis capitis imparted the highest radial accelerations. Abbreviations are as in Figure 2 and Table 2, except for M. complexus (M. compl.). A, Relative work-generating capacities (W.G.C.; percentages) and concentric accelerations (rad/s2) of T. rex lateroflexive muscles, mapped onto a dorsal view of the skull and neck. M. complexus is partly outlined in white, for contrast with M. long. cap. sup. ventral to it. M. transversospinalis capitis was likely broader than depicted here. B, W.G.C. and concentric accelerations of major T. rex head dorsiflexors, mapped onto a lateral skeletal reconstruction. M. transversospinalis cervicis is deepest and depicted anteriorly with dashed outlines; posteriorly, it is color coded by its ability (relative to M. trans. cap.) to impart tangential acceleration to the rostrum.