Figure 10.13 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex

Figure 10.13. Deformation of a crocodilian and avian scapula and coracoid (SC) to approximate that of Tyrannosaurus. Wavy vertical lines show direction and degree of morphing. This method allows for the prediction of the position and shape of various muscles on the Tyrannosaurus SC (see text). (A) Tyrannosaurus scapula-coracoid used as the end point to morphing of the (B) crocodilian and (E) avian pectoral girdles. Note that 2 possible scenarios (C, D) occur in the morphing of the crocodilian SC depending on what portions of the crocodilian scapula is morphed into the acromion process of the Tyrannosaurus scapula. Location of actual muscle scars (G). Abbreviations: bb, M. biceps (continued) brachii; c-M. costocoracoideus; cbd, M. coracobrachialis brevis dorsalis; cbv, M. coracobrachialis brevis ventralis; ce, M. coracobrachialis externus; ch, M. coracohumeralis; dc, M. deltoideus clavicularis; ds, M. deltoideus scapularis; I, M. levator scapulae; rs, M. rhomboideus superficialis; sb, M. supracoracoideus brevis; sc, M. scapulohumeralis cranialis; scd, scapulohumeralis caudalis; se, M. subscapularis externus; si, M. supracoracoideus intermedius; svc, M. subscapularis ventralis cranialis; svt, M. serratus ventralis thoracis; t, M. trapezius; tbclps, M. triceps brachii; caput longus pars scapularis; tll, M. triceps longus lateralis; tm, M. terres major. Figure (B) and terminology adapted from Meers (2003); figure (E) and terminology adapted from Yasuda (2002). Although the terminology is retained for "dorsal" versus "ventral" muscles (e.g., m.c.b. ventralis), the more vertical position of the humerus in Tyrannosaurus indicates a need for modified terminology.