Under the radar: genetic assessment of Rio Grande Shiner (Notropis jemezanus) and Speckled Chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), two Rio Grande basin endemic cyprinids that have experienced recent range contractions

<p>The Rio Grande drainage of the southwestern United States and Mexico has undergone intense anthropogenic alteration by water diversions, extraction and associated habitat changes. These alterations have disproportionately impacted the pelagic broadcast spawning guild of minnows (pelagophils). Several Rio Grande endemic pelagophils, including the co-occurring Rio Grande Shiner (<i>Notropis jemezanus</i>) and Speckled Chub (<i>Macrhybopsis aestivalis</i>), have experienced dramatic recent range-wide declines yet have slipped under the radar of conservation efforts. The status of <i>N. jemezanus </i>and <i>M. aestivalis </i>in the Rio Grande and Pecos River was evaluated and standing genetic variation were characterized. Genetic evidence indicates that populations of both species found in the Rio Grande and Pecos River are genetically distinct. Additionally, 159 outlier loci were identified in <i>M. aestivalis </i>suggesting possible local adaptation in the Rio Grande and Pecos River populations. Though range-wide genetic data are limited, <i>N. jemezanus </i>populations in both rivers harbor considerable genetic diversity. Mitochondrial data from both taxa are consistent with a history of secondary contact between formerly isolated populations with deeply divergent haplotypes found within the Rio Grande and Pecos River populations of <i>N. jemezanus </i>and within the Rio Grande population of <i>M. aestivalis.</i> Extensive survey efforts in the lower Rio Grande and its tributaries in Texas document significant range contraction and near extirpation of <i>N. jemezanus </i>from this part of the basin; highlighting the need for immediate action to protect the species. </p>