FIGURE 5 in Vansoestia caribensis gen. nov., sp. nov.: first report of the family Ianthellidae (Verongida, Demospongiae) in the Caribbean

FIGURE 5. Schematic representation of the phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Verongida, summarizing four previously published phylogenies (Erwin & Thacker 2007 [ITS2+28S]; Díaz et al., 2013 [cox1]; Redmond et al., 2013 [18S]; Thacker et al., 2013 [28S];). Black circles indicate nodes with 100% maximum likelihood bootstrap support in at least 2 studies; gray circles indicate nodes with 100% maximum likelihood bootstrap support in 1 study, and none under 85%; white circles indicate poorly resolved nodes, or phylogenies incongruent between studies. Proposed common characters are indicated with numbers: 1. Verongida with bundles of interstitial collagen fibrils either in the cortex, mesohyl, or within fibers; 2. Family Chondrosiidae (sensu Redmond et al., 2013) with a thick, acellular collagenous cortex; 3. Clade represented by the rest of the Verongida, all containing spherulous cells and brominated secondary metabolites; 4. Clade represented by Hexadella, with eurypylous choanocyte chambers, a thin cuticle, and lacking fibers; 5. Poorly supported clade (62%) containing all the non- Hexadella classical genera of Verongida; 6. Moderately supported clade (85%) containing all eurypylous verongids with a cellularized collagenous cortex. 7. Verongids with diplodal choanocyte chambers; 8. Verongids with an isotropic, welldeveloped fiber reticle, with oval to hexagonal meshes, and fibers with a distinct organic pith and a bark (concentrically layered) throughout the body. 9. Verongids with a variably developed reticulation of fibers, sometimes absent, with thick fibers with or without apparent bark; a morphological synapomorphy is yet to be discovered.