FIGURE 21 in The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice

FIGURE 21. Spectrograms and oscillograms showing frog advertisement calls with components at frequencies higher than usually reported, partly reaching into the ultrasound spectrum. In these four frog species, the dominant frequency is below 10 kHz but harmonics are visible at much higher frequency. Eleutherodactylus iberia (from Bahia de Taco, Cuba) and Stumpffia sp. [Ca6 Vieites et al. 2009] (from Andasibe, Madagascar) are miniaturized frogs with <11 mm snout-vent length (SVL) whereas Eleutherodactylus [Ca4 Rodríguez et al. 2010b] and Platypelis barbouri are small sized frogs around 20 mm SVL. Note that frequency of the spectrograms goes up to 40 kHz. Eleutherodactylus [Ca4] has almost no frequency components in the ultrasound spectrum, yet frequency reaches distinctly above 10 kHz, much higher than usually reported for frogs. Recordings were made with ultrasound microphone Ultramic200k (Dodotronic, Italy). Graphics produced with the R package Seewave (Sueur et al. 2008a). All spectrograms produced at Hanning window function, 1024 bands resolution. Format of candidate species names follows Padial et al. (2010).