Figure 6 in The Behavioral Ecology of Insect Vibrational Communication

Figure 6. Frequency spectra of vibrational signals (a through f) predicted to evolve in response to different combinations of receiver frequency selectivity and average substrate filtering properties. For example, when the substrate filtering is unpredictable or flat, use of signals containing a broad range of frequencies may ensure that some energy reaches the signaler (a). However, this strategy will only be successful if receivers are also broadly tuned; if receivers are selective for a narrow band of frequencies, signals should likewise be narrowly tuned (b). Use of hosts with different filtering properties (such as lowpass vs. bandpass filters, or bandpass filters with different best frequencies) may favor the evolution of different signals, a process that could contribute to speciation.