FIGURE 85 in A new skink fauna from Caribbean islands (Squamata, Mabuyidae, Mabuyinae) 3288

FIGURE 85. Biogeographic model showing the origin of the Middle American and Caribbean clades of Neotropical skinks, Subfamily Mabuyinae. Location of exposed land is conjectural and diagrammatic, and based on a synthesis of models (Pindell 1994; Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee 1999; Pindell & Kennan 2002). (A) Late Miocene (15–5.3 Ma), when separate dispersals from South America led to five of the six genera currently inhabiting Caribbean islands. (B) Pliocene (5.3–2.6 Ma), presumably when additional dispersals occurred among islands as some of the genera began diversification. Colonization of the newly arisen Isthmus of Panama by Marisora occurred either from the south (Colombia) or north (Costa Rica). (C) Pleistocene (2.6– 0.01 Ma), when additional dispersals from the mainland led to endemic island species of the genera Copeoglossum (Margarita, Windward Islands, and secondarily to Redonda) and Marisora (Roatán, Corn Island, and Windward Islands). Dispersal and speciation among islands (Capitellum, Mabuya, and Spondylurus) also occurred at this time. Landmasses are abbreviated as follows: Bahamas Bank (BB), Corn Island (C), Hispaniola (H), Jamaica (Ja), Lesser Antilles (LA), Margarita (M), Middle America (MA), North America (NA), Providencia-San Andres (PS), Puerto Rico (PR), Redonda (Re), Roatán (Ro), South America (SA), and Trinidad and Tobago (TT). Dispersal events (large arrows) and ocean currents (small arrows) are indicated.