Figure 1 in Coding characters from different life stages for phylogenetic reconstruction: a case study on dragonfly adults and larvae, including a description of the larval head anatomy of Epiophlebia superstes (Odonata: Epiophlebiidae)

Figure 1. Methodological workflow. In three matrices (AC, NMC, and MC) the full data set of 81 characters was used. The matrices differ in coding strategies. In matrix AC the larvae were coded as independent terminal taxa. In matrix NMC the larvae were omitted, thereby reducing the number of taxa from nine to six. If larval character states differed from adult ones, the character state of the adult was coded (non-multistate approach). In matrix MC we equally incorporated the larval character states into the adult character states, but in cases where larva possess a different character state than the adult these characters were coded as multistate characters. In matrix SC (separate coding) we coded larval and adult characters as separate characters within the same species, which resulted in a higher number of characters. If characters generated by the SC approach showed no variation they were omitted from the analysis, which is why not exactly twice as many characters as in matrices AC and MC are used.