Study data supporting the manuscript titled: Effect of buprenorphine on fentanyl-induced respiratory depression

<p><b>Background: </b>Opioid-induced respiratory depression driven by ligand binding to mu-opioid receptors is a leading cause of opioid-related fatalities. Buprenorphine, a partial agonist, binds with high affinity to mu-opioid receptors but displays partial respiratory depression effects. The authors examined whether sustained buprenorphine plasma concentrations similar to those achieved with some extended-release injections used to treat opioid use disorder could reduce the frequency and magnitude of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> In this two-period crossover, single-centre study, 14 healthy volunteers (single-blind, randomized) and eight opioid-tolerant (OT) patients taking daily opioid doses ≥90 mg oral morphine equivalents (open-label) received continuous intravenous buprenorphine or placebo for 360 minutes, targeting buprenorphine plasma concentrations of 0.2 or 0.5 ng/mL in healthy volunteers and 1.0, 2.0 or 5.0 ng/mL in OT patients. Upon reaching target concentrations, participants received up to four escalating intravenous doses of fentanyl. The primary endpoint was change in isohypercapnic minute ventilation (V_E). Additionally, occurrence of apnea was recorded.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Fentanyl-induced changes in V_E were smaller at higher buprenorphine plasma concentrations. In healthy volunteers, at target buprenorphine concentration of 0.5 ng/mL, the first and second fentanyl boluses reduced V_E by [LSmean (95% CI)] 26% (13-40%) and 47% (37-59%) compared to 51% (38-64%) and 79% (69-89%) during placebo infusion (<i>p</i>=0.001 and &lt;.001, respectively). Discontinuations for apnea limited treatment comparisons beyond the second fentanyl injection. In OT patients, fentanyl reduced V_E up to 49% (21-76%) during buprenorphine infusion (all concentration groups combined) versus up to 100% (68-132%) during placebo infusion (<i>p</i>=0.006). In OT patients, the risk of experiencing apnea requiring verbal stimulation following fentanyl boluses was lower with buprenorphine than with placebo (odds ratio: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.3; <i>p</i>=0.001).</p> <p><b>Interpretation:</b> Results from this proof-of-principle study provide the first clinical evidence that high sustained plasma concentrations of buprenorphine may protect against respiratory depression induced by potent opioids like fentanyl.</p>