Differential parasitism of native and invasive widow spider egg sacs

<p>During colonization, invasive species establish and spread to new locations, where they may have an advantage over native species. One such advantage may be avoidance of predators or parasites by means of better defences or due to lower suitability as a host. We conducted field surveys and lab behavioural experiments to investigate the differential susceptibility of two widow spider species—one native to Israel, the white widow spider <em>Latrodectus pallidus</em>,<em> </em>and one invasive species, the brown widow spider, <em>Latrodectus geometricus</em>—to an egg sac parasitoid wasp, <em>Philolema latrodecti</em>. In collections of egg sacs from six paired sites of <em>L. geometricus </em>and <em>L. pallidus</em> populations in the Negev Desert, Israel, we found higher parasitism rates on the egg sacs of the native <em>L. pallidus</em>. In no-choice trials, we found that wasps were more likely to parasitize and oviposited longer on <em>L. pallidus</em> egg sacs than on <em>L. geometricus </em>egg sacs. In two-choice tests with spider webs and egg sacs, parasitoids made first contact with <em>L. pallidus </em>webs more often and faster. After developing inside of <em>L. pallidus </em>egg sacs, more parasitoids emerged and were larger than those emerging from <em>L. geometricus</em> egg sacs. Potentially better defence of the <em>L. geometricus</em> egg sacs as well as the parasitoid's fitness advantages gained from parasitizing <em>L. pallidus</em> egg sacs may explain the higher parasitism rate in the native species. Our results suggest that the invasion and establishment success of <em>L. geometricus</em> is due, in part, to its ability to escape parasitism.</p>