Physiological costs of facultative endosymbionts in aphids assessed from energy metabolism

<p>Using the standard metabolic rate (SMR) as a measure of the energy cost of self-maintenance, we investigated whether two common facultative endosymbionts&nbsp;<em>Hamiltonella defensa&nbsp;</em>or&nbsp;<em>Regiella insecticola</em>&nbsp;increase the maintenance cost of the pea aphid&nbsp;<em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em>&nbsp;and translate into host fitness reduction (&lsquo;compensation hypothesis&rsquo;). In addition, we tested if there was a link between SMR and the aphid fitness and whether it depended on endosymbiont density and aphid energetic reserves. Finally, we measured SMR at different temperatures to assess the impact of suboptimal thermal conditions on physiological cost of endosymbionts.</p>